Disorders of Hematology
Blood Composition:
- Er ythr ocytes: RBC, carry oxygen on hemoglobin (stem cells)
- Leukocytes: WBC, fight infection (stem cells)
- Platelets: help with blood clotting
- Plasm a: waste products and proteins albumin
Formation of red blood cells:
erythropoietin: originated in kidneys, stimulates production of hemocytoblasts (bone cell)
You need iron, vitamin b 12, folic acid for mature blood cells
Last 120 days in circulation, they start to breakdown and iron is going to be recycled
How do we get B12? Its from our diet
Formation of blood clots:
Blood vessel injury, immediately the platelet stick to area (platelet adherence)
What brings more is when the platelets interact with collagen - platelet activation + activation
clotting factors
Hageman factor is activated - 12A needs to become 10A (important for clotting) vitamin K is
needed from liver
Liver produces prothrombin and thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin
, Fibrin + platelet aggregation = clot
Low levels of vitamin K = thin blood and higher risk of bleeding
Hemostasis: balance of clot and thinning
- Vessel constr iction: narrowing of the blood vessels
- For m ation of platelet plug
- Coagulation
- Clot dissolution: dissolve the clot
Thrombocytosis: too many platelets (elevated platelet count)
- Etiology:
- Thrombopoietin production is stimulated → proliferation in platelet production
- Can be caused by bone marrow disorder, inflammation, cancer
- Too many clots form due to sticky blood
- Clinical Manifestations:
- Asymptomatic
- Thrombosis (clot)
- DVT: deep vein thrombosis (clot in veins)
- PE: pulmonary embolism (clot in lungs)
- Hemorrhage: as the clots form they bring more platelets, there are not enough to
prevent bleeding from minor injuries
- Easy bruising
- Pain, swelling, redness in hands and feet (looks like you were out in the cold)
- Com plications:
- MI: myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Stroke
- Diagnosis:
- CBC
Antiphospholipid syndrome:
- Etiology:
- Autoimmune Disorder → production of IgG antibodies → bind to phospholipids →
trigger coagulation (clotting)
- Manifestations:
- Venous thrombosis
- Arterial thrombosis
- Loss of pregnancy (thrombosis in placenta) clots form in placenta, high rate of
miscarriages
- Com plications:
- MI
- Stroke
Thrombocytopenia: low amount of platelets
Blood Composition:
- Er ythr ocytes: RBC, carry oxygen on hemoglobin (stem cells)
- Leukocytes: WBC, fight infection (stem cells)
- Platelets: help with blood clotting
- Plasm a: waste products and proteins albumin
Formation of red blood cells:
erythropoietin: originated in kidneys, stimulates production of hemocytoblasts (bone cell)
You need iron, vitamin b 12, folic acid for mature blood cells
Last 120 days in circulation, they start to breakdown and iron is going to be recycled
How do we get B12? Its from our diet
Formation of blood clots:
Blood vessel injury, immediately the platelet stick to area (platelet adherence)
What brings more is when the platelets interact with collagen - platelet activation + activation
clotting factors
Hageman factor is activated - 12A needs to become 10A (important for clotting) vitamin K is
needed from liver
Liver produces prothrombin and thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin
, Fibrin + platelet aggregation = clot
Low levels of vitamin K = thin blood and higher risk of bleeding
Hemostasis: balance of clot and thinning
- Vessel constr iction: narrowing of the blood vessels
- For m ation of platelet plug
- Coagulation
- Clot dissolution: dissolve the clot
Thrombocytosis: too many platelets (elevated platelet count)
- Etiology:
- Thrombopoietin production is stimulated → proliferation in platelet production
- Can be caused by bone marrow disorder, inflammation, cancer
- Too many clots form due to sticky blood
- Clinical Manifestations:
- Asymptomatic
- Thrombosis (clot)
- DVT: deep vein thrombosis (clot in veins)
- PE: pulmonary embolism (clot in lungs)
- Hemorrhage: as the clots form they bring more platelets, there are not enough to
prevent bleeding from minor injuries
- Easy bruising
- Pain, swelling, redness in hands and feet (looks like you were out in the cold)
- Com plications:
- MI: myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Stroke
- Diagnosis:
- CBC
Antiphospholipid syndrome:
- Etiology:
- Autoimmune Disorder → production of IgG antibodies → bind to phospholipids →
trigger coagulation (clotting)
- Manifestations:
- Venous thrombosis
- Arterial thrombosis
- Loss of pregnancy (thrombosis in placenta) clots form in placenta, high rate of
miscarriages
- Com plications:
- MI
- Stroke
Thrombocytopenia: low amount of platelets
