SURG SCI 548 Exam 1 Questions with 100%
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One Health
collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to
attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment
3 Factors of One Health
1. animal and plant health
2. human/ public health
3. environmental health
Examples of human-induced (anthropogenic) changes that contribute to
environmental, animal, and human health
pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, climate change, etc
Zoonotic
transmitted from animals to humans or vv
Disease
anything that interferes with or interruptsnormal body function
fitness
how well a species can repopulate
what 4 factors contribute to decreased fitness?
1. malnutrition
2. decreased fecundity
3. immune compromise
4. comorbidities
Epidemiological Triad
shows how diseases are multifactorial
host, environment, agent
Agents can be ______ or ________
infectious or noninfectious
Example of infectious diseases in general?
germs (caused by living organisms)
Examples of noninfectious disease in general?
genetic diseases, neoplasia (cancer), physical agents, metabolic disease, nutritional
diseases, chemicals
What is the difference between infection and disease?
A disease is caused as a result of an infection
Infection
occurs when bacteria/ viruses cause disease to enter your body and begin to multiply
indirect transmission of an organism
the transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated inanimate object
direct transmission of an organisms
, occurs between infectious and susceptible organisms
contagious
diseases transmitted between animals
What is the difference between infectious and contagious?
not all infectious diseases are contagious
opportunistic infection
infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune
system than in people with healthy immune system
"Iceberg Concept"
animals exposed to an agent may remain uninfected
susceptible to future infection OR developed immunity from past exposure
What you can see: clinical disease
What you can't see: subclinical disease and exposure without infection (you'll never see
or know)
Endemic Disease
the usual or expected prevalence of a disease within a given geographic area or
population group
Epidemic Disease
a greater than expected occurrence of a disease in a localized area or population
Subclinical Disease
a condition in which disease is detectable by special tests, but does not reveal itself by
signs
Reservoir
anything in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends
primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be
transmitted to a susceptible host
Reservoir Examples
Humans: sexually-transmitted diseases
Birds: West Nile virus, wild waterfowl-avian influenza
Rodents: lyme disease
Vector
an insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected
individual or its wastes to susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings
Biological Vectors
carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts,
usually biting
EX:: mosquitos
Mechanical Vectors
can pick up infectious agents on the outside of the bodies and transmit them through
physical contact
Verified Answers Latest Updates 2025 Top
Rated A+
One Health
collaborative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to
attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment
3 Factors of One Health
1. animal and plant health
2. human/ public health
3. environmental health
Examples of human-induced (anthropogenic) changes that contribute to
environmental, animal, and human health
pollution, overexploitation of natural resources, climate change, etc
Zoonotic
transmitted from animals to humans or vv
Disease
anything that interferes with or interruptsnormal body function
fitness
how well a species can repopulate
what 4 factors contribute to decreased fitness?
1. malnutrition
2. decreased fecundity
3. immune compromise
4. comorbidities
Epidemiological Triad
shows how diseases are multifactorial
host, environment, agent
Agents can be ______ or ________
infectious or noninfectious
Example of infectious diseases in general?
germs (caused by living organisms)
Examples of noninfectious disease in general?
genetic diseases, neoplasia (cancer), physical agents, metabolic disease, nutritional
diseases, chemicals
What is the difference between infection and disease?
A disease is caused as a result of an infection
Infection
occurs when bacteria/ viruses cause disease to enter your body and begin to multiply
indirect transmission of an organism
the transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated inanimate object
direct transmission of an organisms
, occurs between infectious and susceptible organisms
contagious
diseases transmitted between animals
What is the difference between infectious and contagious?
not all infectious diseases are contagious
opportunistic infection
infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune
system than in people with healthy immune system
"Iceberg Concept"
animals exposed to an agent may remain uninfected
susceptible to future infection OR developed immunity from past exposure
What you can see: clinical disease
What you can't see: subclinical disease and exposure without infection (you'll never see
or know)
Endemic Disease
the usual or expected prevalence of a disease within a given geographic area or
population group
Epidemic Disease
a greater than expected occurrence of a disease in a localized area or population
Subclinical Disease
a condition in which disease is detectable by special tests, but does not reveal itself by
signs
Reservoir
anything in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends
primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be
transmitted to a susceptible host
Reservoir Examples
Humans: sexually-transmitted diseases
Birds: West Nile virus, wild waterfowl-avian influenza
Rodents: lyme disease
Vector
an insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected
individual or its wastes to susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings
Biological Vectors
carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts,
usually biting
EX:: mosquitos
Mechanical Vectors
can pick up infectious agents on the outside of the bodies and transmit them through
physical contact
