CHYS 210 Final Exam 2025

CHYS 210 Final Exam 2025 How is IQ calculated in children? - Correct Ans-mental age divided by actual physical age What two types of performance measures do IQ tests include? - Correct Ans-verbal non-verbal What two types of intelligences did Spearman define? - Correct Ans-General intelligence (g) Specific intelligence (s) What is specific intelligence? - Correct Ans-refers to skills that applied directly to the problem being solved (e.x knowign how to calculated the cosine of x) What is general intelligence? - Correct Ans-a factor that correlated positively with the results of ALL tests _____ intelligence makes up ______ intelligence - Correct Ans-specific; general Wat is general intelligence broken into? - Correct Ans--general fluid intelligence -general crystal intelligence What is general fluid intelligence? - Correct Ans-mental ability that can be adapted to any use What is general crystal intelligence? - Correct Ans-refers to previous experience/learning When does fluid intelligence peak? - Correct Ans-during early 20s when does crystal intelligence peak? - Correct Ans-around age 50 At what age is IQ best tested at? - Correct Ans-age 5 How stable are IQ scores across childhood? - Correct Ans--scores at age 8 correlate 0.70 at age 18 -many children show a non-random fluctuation ***IQ is likely most stable of all psychological traits IQ is the strongest predictor of... - Correct Ans--scholastic achievement (0.5) -occupation -education CHYS 210 CHYS 210 -the 'gifted' the mentally 'delayed' What factors influence IQ? - Correct Ans--genetics environment What’s the flynn effect? what might be causing it? - Correct Ans--IQ has been steadily increasing through the decades -caused by internet, higher incomes, formal education, more importance on abstract reasoning than before What causes group differences in IQ tests? - Correct Ans--cultural test bias -motivational factors -negative stereotypes -genetic hypothesis -social factors What is the Matthew Effect? - Correct Ans-Good readers become good writers What is a primary ability? - Correct Ans--evolved through natural selection -acquired by all children in all environments -intrinsic motivation -expert proficiency What is secondary ability? - Correct Ans--culturally dependent -requires explicit instruction -extrinsically motivated -expert proficiency is rare What is emergent literacy? - Correct Ans-the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are precursors to conventional reading and writing What is orthography? - Correct Ans-link between visual symbols (i.e written words) and sound What does difficulty processing sounds lead to? - Correct Ans-difficulty learning how to read What are 2 explanations of differences between reading and sex? - Correct Ans- stereotypes (reading is seen as feminine) -biology (differences in brain function) What are 2 approaches to teaching reading? - Correct Ans--phonic method (sounding out a word) -whole language/visual based retrieval approach (e.x memorizing what 'the' looks like) CHYS 210 CHYS 210 Evolutionary reasons for differences between the sexes and reproduction - Correct Ans--each sex seeks to maximize own reproductive fitness -females become more selective and males more promiscuous What are the HEXACO personality traits - Correct Ans-Honestly-Humility Emotionality Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to Experience What HEXACO traits show differences between males and females? Who is higher for these traits? - Correct Ans-Honesty-Humilty (female higher) Emotionality (female MUCH higher) Conscientiousness (female higher) Openness to experience (male higher) Why do differences between sexes exist in HEXACO personality traits? - Correct Ans- women are primary caregivers in most societies -women worry more, less exploratory, more dependable competitive men are less sentimental and more willing to exploit for gain What is the parental investment theory? - Correct Ans-Trade-off between investing time and resources in parenting and mating leads to sex-specific strategies and preferences What are 3 misconceptions relating to male and female choice evolution? - Correct Ans--thinking males and females are coldly conscious when making mating decisions -that sex differences are 'natural' and should be promoted -that the only purpose of sex is reproduction What 4 reliable sex differences that the textbook lists? - Correct Ans--females have higher verbal abilites -males have higher visual/spatial abilities -math ability (not so much anymore as women are more encouraged to go into stem) -aggression (females engage in covert and males in overt) What is cultural influence on sex differences? - Correct Ans--culture matters, mostly as a means of refining underlying patterns -cultural influence can be strong (ancient greece) or weak (st catharines) How does sex influence choice of playmates? - Correct Ans--children choose to play with playmates of same sex over different sex -in females friend groups are adaptive -gendered toys have been around for millenia CHYS 210 CHYS 210 What is likely causing earlier menarche than in previous generations? - Correct Ans- increased health and nutrition What level does gender operate at? What are its 4 dimensions? - Correct Ans--the macro level -knowledge of membership in gender category -gender typicality -pressure for gender conformity -attitudes towards gender groups What are potential causes of homosexuality? - Correct Ans--possible life strategies -possible by-product of maternal immune system -more biological older brothers -disruption of 2nd trimester masculization -associated traits (finger length and hormone) -reinforces nature/nurture What is the prevalence of asexuality? - Correct Ans--0.5-1% of adult population When is asexuality more common? - Correct Ans--women -shorter individuals -delayed menarche -minorities religiosity -lower education is asexuality causes by biological or environmental factors? - Correct Ans-Both What do men report a greater for in sexual preferences? - Correct Ans--more partners -different partners -greater arousal by physical stimulus -higher frequency of sexual thoughts and urges What is theory of mind? - Correct Ans--understanding that human action is motivated by underlying mental states What is the false beliefs test? How do children with autism perform on it? - Correct Ans--the ball in the chest one -poorly What is the false photo test? how do children with autism perform on it? - Correct Ans- shows the passage of time -well on it CHYS 210 CHYS 210 What plays a crucial role in theory of mind development? (2 things) - Correct Ans- maturation and experience What are the 6 basic emotions? - Correct Ans-joy, anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust What are the six self-conscious emotions? - Correct Ans-embarrassment, envy, empathy, pride, shame, guilt What are the four temperament types? - Correct Ans-easy- positive/quick to adapt difficult- negative/slow to adapt slow-to-warm-up - reacts mildly negative non-classified - blend of the above What are issues with temperament assessments? - Correct Ans--different markers exist at different ages -markers rely on reports from non-trained potentially bias observers -different scales use different measures (e.x psychological) ______ predisposes, but does not determine _____ ______ - Correct Ans temperament; personality traits What are the altruism-related dimensions of HEXACO - Correct Ans--honesty-humility -agreeableness -emotionality What are the endeavor-related dimensions of HEXACO? - Correct Ans--extraversion -conscientiousness -openness to experience What is attachment? - Correct Ans--emotional bond between a caregiver and a child How is attachment expressed? - Correct Ans-maintaining physical proximity, stress upon separation, and relief of stress upon reunion What did Rene Spitz study? - Correct Ans--observed infants in hospital settings -significant difference in orphan children and non-orphaned in death rates, motor skills, and social intellectual development What is hospitalism? - Correct Ans--the deteriorating (often deadly) effects oninfants in long-term confinement in hospitals/ similar institutions What was the cupboard theory? - Correct Ans--that infants bonded to the mother because she was a 'cupboard' to their needs (i.e food, water, heat) CHYS 210 CHYS 210 What did Harlow do about the cupboard theory? - Correct Ans--monkey experiment demonstrated that physical comfort was a critical factor -experiment reinforced the importance of mother-child bonding Who was John Bowlby? - Correct Ans--father of attachment theory What are the four tenets of attachment theory? - Correct Ans--emotional bond has a basic survival value -bond is mediated by the CNS -each partner builts a mental working model of a relationship -that progression is gradual and sets up later mental models What are the four phases of attachment? When do they occur? - Correct Ans preattachment (0-6 weeks) Attachment in the making (2-7 months) Clear cut attachment (7-24 months) Reciprocal attachment (2+ years) What happens during preattachment phase? - Correct Ans--infant is indifferent to different caregivers What happens during attachment in the making phase? - Correct Ans--can discriminate between caregivers -no stranger anxiety What happens during the clear cut attachment phase? - Correct Ans--stranger and separation anxiety appear -separation is actively protesteed What happens during the reciprocal relationship phase? - Correct Ans--stranger and separation anxiety begin to diminish -relationships become more reciprocal (e.x sharing, negotiation) What is the relationship between attachment and temperament? - Correct Ans- temperament influences attachment What is attachment like in non-mothers? - Correct Ans--studies are usually in mothers since they are usually primary caregivers but is not exclusive to them What is the strange situation test? - Correct Ans-Ainsworth's test that investigates attachement patterns in children CHYS 210 CHYS 210 What type of attachment does a child who is distressed when mother leaves but is calmed when parent returns? - Correct Ans--secure attachment What type of attachment if infant does not care when parent leaves or