ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EDAPT OBSTRUCTIVE AND RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT!!

The nurse practitioner (NP) is seeing a client with chronic bronchitis that needs spirometry on today's visit. What pulmonary function test (PFT) findings are anticipated based on the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis? pH - 7.56 PaCO2 - 30 mmHg HCO3 - 24 mEq/L PO2 - 82 mmHg O2 saturation - 87% - ANSWER Respiratory Alkalosis Lung diseases that have (...) are characterized as restrictive, whereas diseases with (...) are characterized as obstructive Increased lung volume, increased lung capacity, reduced lung volume Increased airflow, reduced airflow, normal airflow - ANSWER Reduced lung volume Reduced airflow Risk Factors of Lung Disease - ANSWER - Age - Individual Factors - Acute or Chronic Disease Age - ANSWER - Infants and young children have less alveolar surface area for gas exchange; therefore, airways can be easily obstructed by mucus, edema, or foreign objects. ​ - Older adults have anatomical and physiological changes expected with advanced age. ​ - Loss of elastic recoil of the chest and decreased lung volume capacity (tidal volume)​ - Weaker respiratory muscles, reducing the effort to cough (risk for aspiration)​ - Dilation of alveoli, decreased surface area Individual Factors - ANSWER - Nonmodifiable: Age, congenital abnormalities, or environmental concerns (air pollution, for example)​ - Modifiable: Tobacco use (inhaled smoke) or second-hand exposure to air pollutants; vaccinations to prevent pulmonary disease (COVID, influenza, pneumococcal, Tdap)​ - Other: Clients with altered levels of consciousness, neurological disorders, tracheal intubation, bed rest, or immobilization Pathophysiology of Obstructive Lung Diseases - ANSWER * Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by obstruction to airflow during expiration. This can be related to conditions that increase mucus production (e.g., chronic bronchitis) or the loss of surface area of the lung that decreases areas of gas exchange (e.g., emphysema). As a result, inflammatory processes destroy the lung's elasticity, decreasing recoil and lung compliance.