GNRS 588 Critical Care - Exam 1 Questions Answered Correctly Latest Version

GNRS 588 Critical Care - Exam 1 Questions Answered Correctly Latest Version Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute into the systemic circuit - Answers cardiac output What is the best indicator of the condition of the heart's contractile or inotropic ability? - Answers cardiac output Normal cardiac output range: - Answers 4-8 liters per minute (4-6 at rest) What is the metric that is calculated by dividing the cardiac output by an individual's body surface area? - Answers cardiac index Normal cardiac index range: - Answers 2.2 - 4.0 L/minute/m2 How is cardiac output calculated? - Answers SV x HR Term used to describe the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each systole - Answers stroke volume Normal stroke volume range: - Answers 60-70 ml List 3 factors that affect stroke volume: - Answers 1) Preload 2) Afterload 3) Contractility Term used to describe the volume of blood in the right and/or left ventricle at the end of diastole: - Answers preload The following are causes of a (decreased/elevated) preload: 1) volume overload 2) left ventricular dysfunction 3) right ventricular dysfunction 4) valvular defects (stenosis or insufficiency) 5) cardiac tamponade - Answers elevated Describe cardiac circulation: - Answers 1) blood enters right atrium by superior and inferior vena cava 2) through tricuspid valve to right ventricle 3) through pulmonic valve to pulmonary arteries to lungs 4) through pulmonary veins to left atrium 5) through mitral valve to left ventricle 6) through aortic valve to aorta and to the body The following assessment findings are indicative of (right-/left-)sided elevated preload: 1) JVD 2) edema 3) hepato-jugular reflux (HJR) - Answers right The following assessment findings are indicative of (right-/left-)sided elevated preload: 1) orthopnea 2) dyspnea 3) cough 4) crackles 5) S3 6) paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) - Answers left Which types of medications are used to reduce preload? - Answers diuretics and vasodilators (nitrates) How should we position patients to aid in reduction of preload? - Answers semi-fowler's or high fowler's The following are causes of a (decreased/elevated) preload: 1) hypovolemia 2) hemorrhage 3) third spacing 4) diuresis 5) vasodilation - Answers decreased The following assessment findings are found with (decreased/elevated) preload: 1) tachycardia / hypotension 2) dry, cool skin 3) dry mucous membranes 4) poor skin turgor 5) alteration in LOC 6) decreased urine output / vital organ perfusion - Answers decreased Which invasive hemodynamic monitoring device sits right at the opening of the right atrium from the vena cava? - Answers central venous pressure catheter How does a central venous pressure catheter detect right sided preload? - Answers by detecting right atrial pressure (RAP), which is equal to right-ventricular end diastolic pressure (RVEDP) when tricuspid valve is open What pressure are we assessing for with left-sided preload? - Answers left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) How do we assess LVEDP? - Answers pulmonary artery catheter