GNRS 588 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Solved Correctly Latest Version

GNRS 588 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Solved Correctly Latest Version What is the effect of preload on Cardiac Output? - Answers CO increases as preload increases (to an extent) How do you get an acceptable SVO2? - Answers Subtract 30 from SpO2 What causes hyperkalemia? - Answers Rhabdomyolysis Excessive K+ administration Renal Failure ACE inhibitors and ARBs (with preexisting condition) What does hyperkalemia do to an EKG? - Answers Peak T wave, leads to V Fib and cardiac stand still Treatment of hyperkalemia: - Answers Acute: IV insulin (given with glucose): Kayexalate Hemodialysis Causes of hypokalemia: - Answers GI losses Diuretic Therapy Chronic Steroid therapy What does hypokalemia do to EKG? - Answers Flatten T wave Causes PVCs eventually Vtach to Vfib Treatment of hypokalemia - Answers IV potassium (slowly) Lab Values for Potassium - Answers 3.5-5 mg/dL Hypercalcemia causes - Answers Bone malignancy Primary hyperparathyroidism Excessive anti acid intake What does hypercalcemia do to an EKG? Physical manifestations? - Answers Short ST segment Bradycardia Heart Blocks Confusion, Lethargy, coma Treatment of Hypercalcemia - Answers Promotion of renal excretion by diuretics High Volume NS via IV Hemodialysis Hypocalcemia causes - Answers Packed RBC transfusions Critical Illness What does hypocalcemia do to EKG? Clinical Manifestations? - Answers Long ST segment Bradycardia V fib to arrest Clinical manifestations: muscle cramps Tetany Low cardiac output Chvostek and trousseau sign Lab values for calcium - Answers 4.0-4.8 Hypomagnesemia lab value - Answers 1.5 mEq/L Treatment for hypocalcemia - Answers IV calcium causes of hypomagnesemia - Answers Usually with other electrolyte imbalance Diuresis Vomiting/ diarrhea Proton pump inhibitors What does hypomagnesemia do to an EKG? - Answers Prolonged PR and QT Presence of U wave T wave flattening Causes Torsades des pointes Treatment for hypomagnesemia - Answers Magnesium IV What is the longest lasting Cardiac bio marker? - Answers Troponin T (14 days) What biomarker is useful for determining MI 1 week? - Answers Troponin T Creatine Kinase can detect heart damage for how long? - Answers Up to 3 days Myoglobin is cleared in how long? - Answers 12 hours What BNP value has high probability of decompensated HF? Medium probability? Low? - Answers 400 = very probable 100-400, clinical suspicion, or history= probable 100 = improbable Infarct vs ischemia - Answers Infarct is irreversible cell death Ischemia is sometimes reversible inadequate oxygenation Stable Angina vs Unstable Angina - Answers Stable is improved with rest (narrow arteries) Unstable does not improve with rest (ruptured plaque)