McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes — Title: Cellular Organization and Complexity
Stem: A hospitalized patient’s blood culture grows a small
organism lacking membrane-bound organelles and with a 70S
ribosome. Which characteristic best distinguishes this organism
as prokaryotic?
A. Presence of a nuclear membrane
B. Presence of circular DNA not enclosed by a nucleus
C. Presence of membrane-bound mitochondria
D. Presence of multiple linear chromosomes
,Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Prokaryotes have circular DNA in the
cytoplasm (nucleoid) without a nuclear membrane,
distinguishing them from eukaryotes.
• A: A nuclear membrane is characteristic of eukaryotes, not
prokaryotes.
• C: Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found
only in eukaryotes.
• D: Multiple linear chromosomes are typical of eukaryotes;
most prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes contain circular DNA in a
nucleoid without a nuclear membrane.
Stem Rules: Clear, concise, clinical scenario linking
structure to organism type.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes — Title: Protein Synthesis Machinery
Stem: A clinician notes an antibiotic that targets 70S ribosomes;
which organism would be most affected?
A. Human hepatocyte
B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C. Candida albicans
D. Human skeletal muscle cell
,Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis
possess 70S ribosomes, which are targeted by certain
antibiotics.
• A: Human cells have 80S ribosomes, so they are less
affected by 70S-targeting antibiotics.
• C: Candida is a eukaryotic fungus with 80S ribosomes.
• D: Human muscle cells are eukaryotic and have 80S
ribosomes.
Teaching Point: Antibiotics targeting 70S ribosomes
selectively affect bacteria over human cells.
Stem Rules: Short, mechanism-based, clinically relevant.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions —
Title: Homeostasis and Adaptation
Stem: A patient with chronic low oxygen exposure develops
increased red blood cell mass. This is an example of which
cellular adaptive response?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
, Correct Answer: C
Rationales:
• Correct (C): Chronic hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin and
causes hyperplasia of erythroid precursors, increasing RBC
mass.
• A: Hypertrophy refers to enlargement of existing cells (e.g.,
muscle), not increased cell number.
• B: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size or number due to
reduced workload or nutrients.
• D: Metaplasia is replacement of one differentiated cell
type by another, not increased cell number.
Teaching Point: Hyperplasia increases cell number in
response to chronic physiologic stimuli.
Stem Rules: Concise, links clinical finding to adaptive
mechanism.
4.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions —
Title: Apoptosis vs Necrosis
Stem: A liver biopsy shows cells with condensed chromatin and
intact cell membranes but phagocytosed apoptotic bodies.
Which process is occurring?
A. Necrosis due to toxin exposure
B. Apoptosis via caspase-mediated pathways
C. Oncotic cell swelling from ATP depletion
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes — Title: Cellular Organization and Complexity
Stem: A hospitalized patient’s blood culture grows a small
organism lacking membrane-bound organelles and with a 70S
ribosome. Which characteristic best distinguishes this organism
as prokaryotic?
A. Presence of a nuclear membrane
B. Presence of circular DNA not enclosed by a nucleus
C. Presence of membrane-bound mitochondria
D. Presence of multiple linear chromosomes
,Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Prokaryotes have circular DNA in the
cytoplasm (nucleoid) without a nuclear membrane,
distinguishing them from eukaryotes.
• A: A nuclear membrane is characteristic of eukaryotes, not
prokaryotes.
• C: Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found
only in eukaryotes.
• D: Multiple linear chromosomes are typical of eukaryotes;
most prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes contain circular DNA in a
nucleoid without a nuclear membrane.
Stem Rules: Clear, concise, clinical scenario linking
structure to organism type.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes — Title: Protein Synthesis Machinery
Stem: A clinician notes an antibiotic that targets 70S ribosomes;
which organism would be most affected?
A. Human hepatocyte
B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C. Candida albicans
D. Human skeletal muscle cell
,Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis
possess 70S ribosomes, which are targeted by certain
antibiotics.
• A: Human cells have 80S ribosomes, so they are less
affected by 70S-targeting antibiotics.
• C: Candida is a eukaryotic fungus with 80S ribosomes.
• D: Human muscle cells are eukaryotic and have 80S
ribosomes.
Teaching Point: Antibiotics targeting 70S ribosomes
selectively affect bacteria over human cells.
Stem Rules: Short, mechanism-based, clinically relevant.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions —
Title: Homeostasis and Adaptation
Stem: A patient with chronic low oxygen exposure develops
increased red blood cell mass. This is an example of which
cellular adaptive response?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
, Correct Answer: C
Rationales:
• Correct (C): Chronic hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin and
causes hyperplasia of erythroid precursors, increasing RBC
mass.
• A: Hypertrophy refers to enlargement of existing cells (e.g.,
muscle), not increased cell number.
• B: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size or number due to
reduced workload or nutrients.
• D: Metaplasia is replacement of one differentiated cell
type by another, not increased cell number.
Teaching Point: Hyperplasia increases cell number in
response to chronic physiologic stimuli.
Stem Rules: Concise, links clinical finding to adaptive
mechanism.
4.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions —
Title: Apoptosis vs Necrosis
Stem: A liver biopsy shows cells with condensed chromatin and
intact cell membranes but phagocytosed apoptotic bodies.
Which process is occurring?
A. Necrosis due to toxin exposure
B. Apoptosis via caspase-mediated pathways
C. Oncotic cell swelling from ATP depletion
