Exam 5: NURS 5315 (Latest 2025/2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Questions with Verified Answers | 100% Correct |Graded A- UTA.

Exam 5: NURS 5315 (Latest 2025/2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions with Verified Answers | 100%
Correct |Graded A- UTA.

Urine is formed as a result of ___________.
I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- Tubular processing
I,- I,-



of filtrate.
I,- I,-




a. Glomerular filtration
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b. Reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules into the
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blood.
c. Excretion of substances from the blood into the renal tubules.
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What are the structures of the glomerular membrane?
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Endothelium
Basement membrane I,-




Podocyte


What is the structure of the endothelium (fenestrae)?
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(Glomerular membrane) Regulates vasomotor tone,
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homeostasis and trafficking of leukocytes.
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,What is the function of the basement membrane (collagen &
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proteoglycan)
(Glomerular membrane) Scaffold supporting the function of
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the endothelium and podocytes (problems with the basement
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membrane result in albumin leaking into filtrate) I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-




What is the function of the Podocyte (filtration slits/slit
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membranes)? (Glomerular membrane) The slits serve as a I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



barrier between the foot process to prevent leaking of albumin
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into the filtrate.
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How can GFR be manipulated?
I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- Increase or decrease GFR. I,- I,- I,-




What is the big idea and mechanism for increasing GFR?
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idea: I,-




Hormones and autocoids: local angiotension II. I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-




Mechanism: Constricts efferent arterioles; increased blood flow;I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



increased GFR. I,- I,-




Big idea: Nitric oxide, prostaglandins. bradykinin
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Mechanism: Dilate afferent artioarterioles; increased blood flow;
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increased GFR. I,-

,What is the big idea and mechanism for decreasing GFR?
I,- I,- I,- Big I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- I,-



idea: SNS: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
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Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreases blood flow,
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decreased GFR. I,-




Big idea: Hormones: endo-thelin (vascular endothelium)
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Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreased blood flow,
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decreased GFR. I,-




What happens in the proximal tubule?
I,- Sodium, Chloride, I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- I,- I,-



Phosphourous, sodium bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, are I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



reabsorbed. Very water permeable. I,- I,- I,- I,-




Hydrogen, organic acids, organic bases (metabolic by products,
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bile salts, uric acid, catecholamines) are secreted.
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Controlled by: Angiotensin II (increased sodium and H20
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absorption) PTH (decreased Phosphorous reabsorption).
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What happens in the thin descending loop of Henle?
I,- Small I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- I,-



amounts of sodium are reabsorbed. Highly water permeable.
I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-

, What happens in the thin ascending loop of Henle?
I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- Dilutes I,-



filtrate. Highly water permeable.
I,- I,- I,-




What happens in the thick ascending loop of Henle?
I,- I,-Sodium, I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- I,-



chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarb, are reabsorbed.
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Impermeable to water; dilutes filtrate. I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-




Hydrogen ions are secreted here.
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Controlled by angiotensin II (NaCl reabsorption/H+ secretion)
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Parathyroid hormone (calcium reabsorption)
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What happens in the collecting tubules?
I,- Sodium, chloride,
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calcium, bicarb are reabsorbed here. Permeable to water.
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Antidiuretic hormone requires. I,- I,-




Potassium, hydrogen, and urea are secreted here.
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Controlled by aldosterone (increased NaCl and K secretion)
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Vasopressin/ADH (increased H20 reabsorption); ANP (decreased I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



Na reabsorption).
I,-