Exam 3: NURS 5315 (Latest 2025/2026 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Questions with Verified Answers | 100% Correct |Graded A- UTA.

Exam 3: NURS 5315 (Latest 2025/2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions with Verified Answers | 100%
Correct |Graded A- UTA.

What is the effect of Epinephrine on the cardiovascular system?
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Stronger Alpha 1 than Alpha 2. Works on both, equally strong
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on Beta 1 (renin release), and Beta 2. Positive inotrope. Increases
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heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, myocardial contractility,
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coronary flow, increase systolic blood pressure, mild increase in
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diastolic blood pressure.I,- I,-




What is the effect of Norepinephrine on the cardiovascular
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system? Slightly stronger Alpha 2 than Alpha 1. Some effect
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on Beta 1, none on Beta 2. Strong vasoconstriction (smooth
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muscle contraction). Increase coronary flow, increase systolic and
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some diastolic BP.
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What is the effect of Dopamine on the cardiovascular system?
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Positive inotrope. Increases HR, increases BP
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(vasoconstriction) Alpha 1, 2, beta 1 and dopamine receptors) I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-




What is the process of generating a cardiac action potential?
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,What electrolytes are involved?I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- 0-Depolarization
1-Early repolarization I,- I,-




I,- Rapid sodium entering the cell I,- I,- I,- I,-




2. Plateau (repolarization)
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I,- Slow sodium and calcium enters the cell
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3. Potassium moves out of the cells
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4. Return to resting potential
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Sodium, Calcium, Potassium I,- I,-




What is the conduction pathway?I,- SA Node, AV Node, Bundle
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of His, Right & Left Bundle Branches, Perkinje Fibers
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How does conduction correlate with the EKG and activity in the
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heart? P-wave: spread of depolarization through the atria
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followed by atrial contraction. I,- I,- I,-




P-R interval: pause in conduction at the A-V node
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QRS complex: Depolarization of the ventricle, followed by
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ventricular contraction I,-




T wave: depolarization of the ventricles, happens just before the
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end of ventricular contraction
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,Define preload. Volume of blood returning to the heart from
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systemic circulations. RA pressure or CVP
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Define afterload. Systemic pressure=the pressure the heart
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must pump against to circulate blood=MAP
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Define stroke volume. I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- Amount of blood ejected with each I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



contraction of the heart I,- I,- I,-




Define end-diastolic volume.I,- Amount of blood in the heart I,- I,-I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



after filling, before systole (end of diastole)
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Define end-systolic volume. I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- Amount of blood that remains in I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



the heart after systole
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Define ejection faction. Percentage of blood in the chamber
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that is ejected with each systole
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Define cardiac output. I,- I,- I,-I,- I,- Amount of blood pumped into the I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



aorta each minuteI,- I,-




What are the causes, risk factors, pathophysiology and
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manifestations of atrial fibrillation? Risk factors/causes: Heart
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, failure, ischemic heart disease, HTN, obesity, obstructive sleep
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apnea, rheumatic heart disease, thyroid disease
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Patho: Remodeling of the myocytes of the myocardium-atria
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does not fully contract to empty contents. Estimated 25% loss of
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blood from the artia to ventricle.
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Manifestations: Fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, irregular pulse, I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



palpitations. I,-




Untreated: at risk for thrombus formation and stroke
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What are the causes, risk factors, pathophysiology and
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manifestations of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)? I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-I,- I,-



Risk factors/causes: Abnormal electrolytes (hypokalemia,
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hypercalcemia), hypoxia, aging, induction of anesthesia, central I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,- I,-



line placement, cardiac cath, caffeine intake, drug use, exercise.
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Patho: Decreased cardiac output from lack of atrial contribution
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to ventricular preload
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Manifestations: fluttering, pound, palpitations I,- I,- I,-