HESI Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Latest Exam
| Complete Questions and Correct Answers | Graded A+
| Verified Answers | Newest Exam 2025
A school nurse has identified a student with noticeable loss of lean tissues and
muscle mass. More than likely, this is caused by protein-calorie malnutrition. The
nurse should ask the student if he is experiencing which of the following clinical
manifestations that helps confirm this diagnosis?
A) Respiratory muscle stimulation
B) Excessive blood cell production
C) Diarrhea
D) Increased cardiac contractility ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: C
Feedback:
Protein-calorie malnutrition results in skeletal muscle loss and diarrhea. This
type of malnutrition is also characterized by respiratory muscle weakness and
blood cell loss that impairs the immune response.
A homeless client asks, "Why can't I get this wound on my foot to heal?" Knowing
that the client is not receiving good nutrition on a regular basis, the nurse will
reply:
A) "Maybe if you could come to the clinic every day, we can help you change your
dressing."
B) "Right now your immune system is decreased because you are not eating a
balanced diet."
C) "Maybe if you could find a place to sleep that is cleaner than where you usually
sleep that will help."
,D) "We just need to make sure you are getting the right antibiotics." ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: B
Feedback:
As protein is lost from the liver, hepatic synthesis of proteins declines, and
plasma protein levels decrease. There also is a decrease in immune cells. Wound
healing is poor, and the body is unable to fight off infection because of multiple
immunologic malfunctions throughout the body.
At the cellular level, cardiac muscle cells respond to an increase in ventricular
volume to the point of overload by: Select all that apply.
A) Elongating the cardiac muscle cells
B) Thickening of the individual myocytes
C) Replicating the myofibrils
D) Decreasing the ventricular wall thickness
E) Symmetrically widening and lengthening the hypertrophy ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Ans: A, D
Feedback:
At the cellular level, cardiac muscle cells respond to stimuli from stress placed
on the ventricular wall by pressure and volume overload by initiating several
different processes that lead to hypertrophy. With ventricular volume overload,
the increase in wall stress leads to replication of myofibrils in series, elongation
of the cardiac muscle cells, and eccentric hypertrophy. Eccentric hypertrophy
leads to a decrease in ventricular wall thickness or thinning of the wall with an
increase in diastolic volume and wall tension. Production of a symmetric
hypertrophy occurs with a proportionate increase in muscle length and width,
as occurs in athletes; concentric hypertrophy with an increase in wall thickness,
as occurs in hypertension; and eccentric hypertrophy with a disproportionate
increase in muscle length, as occurs in dilated cardiomyopathy. When the
primary stimulus for hypertrophy is pressure overload, the increase in wall
,stress leads to parallel replication of myofibrils, thickening of the individual
myocytes, and concentric hypertrophy. Concentric hypertrophy may preserve
systolic function for a time, but eventually the work performed by the ventricle
exceeds the vascular reserve, predisposing to ischemia.
From the following clients, who are at high risk for developing heart failure as a
result of diastolic dysfunction? Select all that apply.
A) A 48-year-old client with uncontrolled hypertension
B) A marathon runner with history of chronic bradycardia whose pulse rate is 46
C) A 57-year-old client with history of ischemic heart disease
D) A 70-year-old with enlarged left ventricle due to myocardial hypertrophy --------
-CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: A, D
Feedback:
Conditions that reduce the heart's ability to adequately fill during diastole, such
as myocardial hypertrophy and tachycardia, can lead to heart failure.
Hypertension remains the leading cause of diastolic dysfunction. Ischemic heart
disease is associated with systolic heart failure, or impaired contractile
performance. It is normal for athletes, like marathon runners, to have slow
pulses.
The most common causes of left-sided heart failure include:
A) Acute myocardial infarction
B) Chronic pulmonary disease
C) Impaired renal blood flow
D)Tricuspid valve regurgitation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: A
, Feedback: The most common causes of left-sided heart failure are acute
myocardial infarction and hypertension. Acute or chronic pulmonary disease
can cause right heart failure, referred to as cor pulmonale. The causes of right-
sided heart failure include stenosis or regurgitation of the tricuspid or pulmonic
valves, right ventricular infarction, and cardiomyopathy. Manifestations (rather
than causes) of heart failure reflect the physiologic effects of the impaired
pumping ability of the heart, including decreased renal blood flow.
Assessment of an elderly female client reveals the presence of bilateral pitting
edema of the client's feet and ankles and pedal pulses that are difficult to palpate.
Auscultation of the client's lungs reveals clear air entry to bases, and the client's
oxygen saturation level is 93%, and vital signs are within reference ranges. What is
this client's most likely health problem?
A) Right-sided heart failure
B) Pericarditis
C) Cardiogenic shock
D) Cor pulmonale ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: A
Feedback:
A major effect of right-sided heart failure is the development of peripheral
edema. A client who is in shock would not have stable vital signs. Cor pulmonale
would be accompanied by manifestations of lung disease. Pericarditis is an
inflammation of the pericardium exhibited by fever, precordial pain, dyspnea,
and palpitations.
While teaching a client with new-onset right-sided heart failure, the nurse should
educate the client to monitor for fluid accumulation by:
A) Weighing every day at the same time with same type of clothing
| Complete Questions and Correct Answers | Graded A+
| Verified Answers | Newest Exam 2025
A school nurse has identified a student with noticeable loss of lean tissues and
muscle mass. More than likely, this is caused by protein-calorie malnutrition. The
nurse should ask the student if he is experiencing which of the following clinical
manifestations that helps confirm this diagnosis?
A) Respiratory muscle stimulation
B) Excessive blood cell production
C) Diarrhea
D) Increased cardiac contractility ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: C
Feedback:
Protein-calorie malnutrition results in skeletal muscle loss and diarrhea. This
type of malnutrition is also characterized by respiratory muscle weakness and
blood cell loss that impairs the immune response.
A homeless client asks, "Why can't I get this wound on my foot to heal?" Knowing
that the client is not receiving good nutrition on a regular basis, the nurse will
reply:
A) "Maybe if you could come to the clinic every day, we can help you change your
dressing."
B) "Right now your immune system is decreased because you are not eating a
balanced diet."
C) "Maybe if you could find a place to sleep that is cleaner than where you usually
sleep that will help."
,D) "We just need to make sure you are getting the right antibiotics." ---------
CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: B
Feedback:
As protein is lost from the liver, hepatic synthesis of proteins declines, and
plasma protein levels decrease. There also is a decrease in immune cells. Wound
healing is poor, and the body is unable to fight off infection because of multiple
immunologic malfunctions throughout the body.
At the cellular level, cardiac muscle cells respond to an increase in ventricular
volume to the point of overload by: Select all that apply.
A) Elongating the cardiac muscle cells
B) Thickening of the individual myocytes
C) Replicating the myofibrils
D) Decreasing the ventricular wall thickness
E) Symmetrically widening and lengthening the hypertrophy ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Ans: A, D
Feedback:
At the cellular level, cardiac muscle cells respond to stimuli from stress placed
on the ventricular wall by pressure and volume overload by initiating several
different processes that lead to hypertrophy. With ventricular volume overload,
the increase in wall stress leads to replication of myofibrils in series, elongation
of the cardiac muscle cells, and eccentric hypertrophy. Eccentric hypertrophy
leads to a decrease in ventricular wall thickness or thinning of the wall with an
increase in diastolic volume and wall tension. Production of a symmetric
hypertrophy occurs with a proportionate increase in muscle length and width,
as occurs in athletes; concentric hypertrophy with an increase in wall thickness,
as occurs in hypertension; and eccentric hypertrophy with a disproportionate
increase in muscle length, as occurs in dilated cardiomyopathy. When the
primary stimulus for hypertrophy is pressure overload, the increase in wall
,stress leads to parallel replication of myofibrils, thickening of the individual
myocytes, and concentric hypertrophy. Concentric hypertrophy may preserve
systolic function for a time, but eventually the work performed by the ventricle
exceeds the vascular reserve, predisposing to ischemia.
From the following clients, who are at high risk for developing heart failure as a
result of diastolic dysfunction? Select all that apply.
A) A 48-year-old client with uncontrolled hypertension
B) A marathon runner with history of chronic bradycardia whose pulse rate is 46
C) A 57-year-old client with history of ischemic heart disease
D) A 70-year-old with enlarged left ventricle due to myocardial hypertrophy --------
-CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: A, D
Feedback:
Conditions that reduce the heart's ability to adequately fill during diastole, such
as myocardial hypertrophy and tachycardia, can lead to heart failure.
Hypertension remains the leading cause of diastolic dysfunction. Ischemic heart
disease is associated with systolic heart failure, or impaired contractile
performance. It is normal for athletes, like marathon runners, to have slow
pulses.
The most common causes of left-sided heart failure include:
A) Acute myocardial infarction
B) Chronic pulmonary disease
C) Impaired renal blood flow
D)Tricuspid valve regurgitation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: A
, Feedback: The most common causes of left-sided heart failure are acute
myocardial infarction and hypertension. Acute or chronic pulmonary disease
can cause right heart failure, referred to as cor pulmonale. The causes of right-
sided heart failure include stenosis or regurgitation of the tricuspid or pulmonic
valves, right ventricular infarction, and cardiomyopathy. Manifestations (rather
than causes) of heart failure reflect the physiologic effects of the impaired
pumping ability of the heart, including decreased renal blood flow.
Assessment of an elderly female client reveals the presence of bilateral pitting
edema of the client's feet and ankles and pedal pulses that are difficult to palpate.
Auscultation of the client's lungs reveals clear air entry to bases, and the client's
oxygen saturation level is 93%, and vital signs are within reference ranges. What is
this client's most likely health problem?
A) Right-sided heart failure
B) Pericarditis
C) Cardiogenic shock
D) Cor pulmonale ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ans: A
Feedback:
A major effect of right-sided heart failure is the development of peripheral
edema. A client who is in shock would not have stable vital signs. Cor pulmonale
would be accompanied by manifestations of lung disease. Pericarditis is an
inflammation of the pericardium exhibited by fever, precordial pain, dyspnea,
and palpitations.
While teaching a client with new-onset right-sided heart failure, the nurse should
educate the client to monitor for fluid accumulation by:
A) Weighing every day at the same time with same type of clothing
