BIO 168 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
metabolism - ANSWERthe sum of all chemical reactions in an organism that support
life.
Levels of complexity - ANSWERSubatomic particles (electron, proton)->Atom
(hydrogen atom)-> Molecule (water molecule, glucose molecule)-> Macromolecule
(protein molecule, DNA molecule)->Organelle (mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus,
nucleus)->Cell (muscle cell, nerve cell)->Tissue (epithelia, connective) -> Organ
(skin, heart) -> Organ System (skeletal system, digestive system)-> Organism.
functions of macromolecules - ANSWER1. carbohydrates-C,H,O-simple sugar-
provide energy, cell structure. Examples-glucose, starch.
2. proteins-C,H,O,N (often S)-amino acids-provide cell structure, enzymes, energy.
Examples-albumins, hemoglobin.
3. lipids-C,H,O (often P)-glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups-provide energy, cell
structure. Examples-Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.
nucleic acids-C,H,O,N,P-nucleotides-Store information for the synthesis of proteins,
control cell activities. Examples-RNA, DNA.
transport/active - ANSWERActive transport requires ATP. It goes against the
concentration gradient. Particles moved across cell membranes by active transport
include sugars, amino acids, and sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen ions.
homeostasis - ANSWERThe body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
oxygen and metabolism - ANSWER...
membranes - ANSWERMucous membranes-Line body cavities that open to outside
the body. Nose, mouth.
Serous Membranes-Line walls of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Secrete
serous fluid that separates parietal layer (layer lining wall of cavity) from visceral
layer (layer covering the organ).
In thoracic cavity, parietal pleura lines thoracic compartments containing lungs.
Visceral pleura covers lungs.
Pericardial membranes-Surround heart. Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers
heart's surface. Parietal pericardium is covered by thicker layer called fibrous
pericardium.
Peritoneal membranes-In the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines walls
of abdominopelvic cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers most of organs in the cavity.
, sections of the body - ANSWER1. Sagittal-Lengthwise cut dividing the body into right
and left portions.
2. Transverse-Horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. Frontal (coronal)-Section that divides the body into anterior and posterior
positions.
regions of the body - ANSWERSee Figure 1.24 and 1.25 on pages 32-33 of Hole's
Anatomy.
cavities of the body - ANSWER1. Cranial-brain.
2. Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)-spinal cord, vertebrae.
3. Thoracic cavity-Lungs. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are in the
mediastinum.
4. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity-Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small and large
intestines.
b. Pelvic cavity-Terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive
organs.
There are several smaller cavities within the head, including the oral cavity, nasal
cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities. Sphenoidal and frontal sinuses are
connected to the nasal cavity.
elements/electrons/matter - ANSWERAll matter is composed of fundamental
substances called elements. All elements are composed of particles called atoms.
Atoms are compose of protons (+), neutrons
(electrically neutral) and one or more electrons (-).
passive/osmosis - ANSWERthe movement of materials through a cell membrane
without using ATP. This may happen by osmosis, or diffusion of molecules from a
place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. It also may happen
by filtration, where molecules are forced through membranes by pressure caused by
gravity.
osmosis/hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic - ANSWEROsmosis is diffusion of molecules
through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place
of lower concentration.
hypotonic solutions contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution
(e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water
diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. Example: A
potato is placed in purified water, which has a low concentration of solute relative to
the potato. Therefore, water diffuses into the potato, causing it to swell.
hypertonic solutions contain a high concentration of solute relative to another
solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the
water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. Example: When a potato
core is placed in very salty water, the salty water has a high concentration of solute
relative to the potato. Therefore, water diffuses out of the potato and causes it to
shrink.
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
metabolism - ANSWERthe sum of all chemical reactions in an organism that support
life.
Levels of complexity - ANSWERSubatomic particles (electron, proton)->Atom
(hydrogen atom)-> Molecule (water molecule, glucose molecule)-> Macromolecule
(protein molecule, DNA molecule)->Organelle (mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus,
nucleus)->Cell (muscle cell, nerve cell)->Tissue (epithelia, connective) -> Organ
(skin, heart) -> Organ System (skeletal system, digestive system)-> Organism.
functions of macromolecules - ANSWER1. carbohydrates-C,H,O-simple sugar-
provide energy, cell structure. Examples-glucose, starch.
2. proteins-C,H,O,N (often S)-amino acids-provide cell structure, enzymes, energy.
Examples-albumins, hemoglobin.
3. lipids-C,H,O (often P)-glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups-provide energy, cell
structure. Examples-Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.
nucleic acids-C,H,O,N,P-nucleotides-Store information for the synthesis of proteins,
control cell activities. Examples-RNA, DNA.
transport/active - ANSWERActive transport requires ATP. It goes against the
concentration gradient. Particles moved across cell membranes by active transport
include sugars, amino acids, and sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen ions.
homeostasis - ANSWERThe body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
oxygen and metabolism - ANSWER...
membranes - ANSWERMucous membranes-Line body cavities that open to outside
the body. Nose, mouth.
Serous Membranes-Line walls of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Secrete
serous fluid that separates parietal layer (layer lining wall of cavity) from visceral
layer (layer covering the organ).
In thoracic cavity, parietal pleura lines thoracic compartments containing lungs.
Visceral pleura covers lungs.
Pericardial membranes-Surround heart. Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers
heart's surface. Parietal pericardium is covered by thicker layer called fibrous
pericardium.
Peritoneal membranes-In the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines walls
of abdominopelvic cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers most of organs in the cavity.
, sections of the body - ANSWER1. Sagittal-Lengthwise cut dividing the body into right
and left portions.
2. Transverse-Horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. Frontal (coronal)-Section that divides the body into anterior and posterior
positions.
regions of the body - ANSWERSee Figure 1.24 and 1.25 on pages 32-33 of Hole's
Anatomy.
cavities of the body - ANSWER1. Cranial-brain.
2. Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)-spinal cord, vertebrae.
3. Thoracic cavity-Lungs. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are in the
mediastinum.
4. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity-Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small and large
intestines.
b. Pelvic cavity-Terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive
organs.
There are several smaller cavities within the head, including the oral cavity, nasal
cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities. Sphenoidal and frontal sinuses are
connected to the nasal cavity.
elements/electrons/matter - ANSWERAll matter is composed of fundamental
substances called elements. All elements are composed of particles called atoms.
Atoms are compose of protons (+), neutrons
(electrically neutral) and one or more electrons (-).
passive/osmosis - ANSWERthe movement of materials through a cell membrane
without using ATP. This may happen by osmosis, or diffusion of molecules from a
place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. It also may happen
by filtration, where molecules are forced through membranes by pressure caused by
gravity.
osmosis/hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic - ANSWEROsmosis is diffusion of molecules
through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place
of lower concentration.
hypotonic solutions contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution
(e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water
diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. Example: A
potato is placed in purified water, which has a low concentration of solute relative to
the potato. Therefore, water diffuses into the potato, causing it to swell.
hypertonic solutions contain a high concentration of solute relative to another
solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the
water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. Example: When a potato
core is placed in very salty water, the salty water has a high concentration of solute
relative to the potato. Therefore, water diffuses out of the potato and causes it to
shrink.
