BIO 168 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(GRADE
A+)
How many lumbar do you have? - ANSWER5
How can you tell its a lumbar vertabra? - ANSWERNo costal facets, short spinous
process
Four types of bone cells - ANSWERosteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
describe the function of osteogenic cells - ANSWERonly cell that divides, they
differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
describe the function of osteoblasts - ANSWERcell reproduction for forming new
bone
describe the function of osteocytes - ANSWERreshapes bones, primary cell in
mature bone
three parts of the integumentary system and what type of tissue do they consist of -
ANSWEREpidermis- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis- dense irregular connective tissue
Hypodermis- areolar and adipose connective tissue, closely involved with function of
the skin
Describe the differences between the pelvis in males and females. - ANSWER
Name four sutures of the skull and the bone which meet at these sutures. -
ANSWERCoronal suture-between frontal and two parietal bones
Sagittal suture- between two parietal bones in midline
lamboid suture- between occipital bones posteriorly and the two parietal bones
Metopic suture0 seperate frontal bone into two halves
describe the function of osteoclasts - ANSWERbone respiration, bone themselves,
stores calcium by using lacuna
Interosseous membranes are between? - ANSWERthe radius and the ulna
False ribs - ANSWER8-12 they do not attach directly to sternum (11 and 12 count
also)
Floating ribs - ANSWER11 and 12 because do not connect to sternum
true ribs - ANSWER1-7
, how many total ribs do you have? - ANSWER12 pairs
Describe the three phases of hair growth - ANSWER1) Anagen phase- (longest part)
active phase of growth where living cells of the hair bulb are rapidly growing,
dividing, and transforming into hair
2) Catagen phase- (short phase) brief regression period where cell division ceases
and the follicle undergoes involution
3) Telogen phase- (resting phase) hair is shed, 3-4 months hair starts regrowing and
enters the anagen phase
Describe the different types of bone. - ANSWERSimple fracture, compound fracture,
stress fracture, and pathologic fracture
What's a simple fracture? - ANSWERbroken bone does not penetrate the skin
what is a compound fracture? - ANSWER1 or both ends of broken bone pierce the
overlying
What is a stress fracture? - ANSWERthin break, caused by increased physical
activity which bone experiences repetitive loads
What is a pathologic fracture? - ANSWEROccurs when bone has been weakened by
disease
What hormones cause bone growth to stop? - ANSWERGlucocorticoids (high
amounts increase bone loss, impair growth at the epiphyseal plate
Compare and contrast interstitial and oppositional growth - ANSWERInterstitional
growth- and increase in LENGTH that occurs within the regions of cartilage
Appositional growth- an increase in WIDTH along the cartilage's outside edge, or
periphery
What are the names of the layers of the epidermis? - ANSWERStratum basale
stratum spinosium
stratum granalosum
stratum locidum
stratum carneum
The sella turcia is part of the ________ bone, - ANSWERSphenoid bone
- the pituitary gland sits in here and is protected
Thin skin and thick skin - ANSWERThick skin - (palms and soles of feet) houses
sweat glands but has NO hair follicules or sebaceous (oil) glands
Thin skin- (occurs most of the body) contains hair follicles sebaceous glands, and
sweat glands
How do growth hormone and IGF affect bone growth? - ANSWERincrease cartilage
growth in plate
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(GRADE
A+)
How many lumbar do you have? - ANSWER5
How can you tell its a lumbar vertabra? - ANSWERNo costal facets, short spinous
process
Four types of bone cells - ANSWERosteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
describe the function of osteogenic cells - ANSWERonly cell that divides, they
differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
describe the function of osteoblasts - ANSWERcell reproduction for forming new
bone
describe the function of osteocytes - ANSWERreshapes bones, primary cell in
mature bone
three parts of the integumentary system and what type of tissue do they consist of -
ANSWEREpidermis- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis- dense irregular connective tissue
Hypodermis- areolar and adipose connective tissue, closely involved with function of
the skin
Describe the differences between the pelvis in males and females. - ANSWER
Name four sutures of the skull and the bone which meet at these sutures. -
ANSWERCoronal suture-between frontal and two parietal bones
Sagittal suture- between two parietal bones in midline
lamboid suture- between occipital bones posteriorly and the two parietal bones
Metopic suture0 seperate frontal bone into two halves
describe the function of osteoclasts - ANSWERbone respiration, bone themselves,
stores calcium by using lacuna
Interosseous membranes are between? - ANSWERthe radius and the ulna
False ribs - ANSWER8-12 they do not attach directly to sternum (11 and 12 count
also)
Floating ribs - ANSWER11 and 12 because do not connect to sternum
true ribs - ANSWER1-7
, how many total ribs do you have? - ANSWER12 pairs
Describe the three phases of hair growth - ANSWER1) Anagen phase- (longest part)
active phase of growth where living cells of the hair bulb are rapidly growing,
dividing, and transforming into hair
2) Catagen phase- (short phase) brief regression period where cell division ceases
and the follicle undergoes involution
3) Telogen phase- (resting phase) hair is shed, 3-4 months hair starts regrowing and
enters the anagen phase
Describe the different types of bone. - ANSWERSimple fracture, compound fracture,
stress fracture, and pathologic fracture
What's a simple fracture? - ANSWERbroken bone does not penetrate the skin
what is a compound fracture? - ANSWER1 or both ends of broken bone pierce the
overlying
What is a stress fracture? - ANSWERthin break, caused by increased physical
activity which bone experiences repetitive loads
What is a pathologic fracture? - ANSWEROccurs when bone has been weakened by
disease
What hormones cause bone growth to stop? - ANSWERGlucocorticoids (high
amounts increase bone loss, impair growth at the epiphyseal plate
Compare and contrast interstitial and oppositional growth - ANSWERInterstitional
growth- and increase in LENGTH that occurs within the regions of cartilage
Appositional growth- an increase in WIDTH along the cartilage's outside edge, or
periphery
What are the names of the layers of the epidermis? - ANSWERStratum basale
stratum spinosium
stratum granalosum
stratum locidum
stratum carneum
The sella turcia is part of the ________ bone, - ANSWERSphenoid bone
- the pituitary gland sits in here and is protected
Thin skin and thick skin - ANSWERThick skin - (palms and soles of feet) houses
sweat glands but has NO hair follicules or sebaceous (oil) glands
Thin skin- (occurs most of the body) contains hair follicles sebaceous glands, and
sweat glands
How do growth hormone and IGF affect bone growth? - ANSWERincrease cartilage
growth in plate
