ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BIO 168:
CHAPTER 2 QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Biochemistry - ANSWERChemistry of living things
element - ANSWERA pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Neutron - ANSWERA particle found in the nucleus with mass similar to the proton
but with zero electric charge.
Electrons - ANSWERLight negatively charged particles that orbit around nucleus.
(clouds)
electrically neutral - ANSWERan object that has equal amounts of positive and
negative charges
Valence electrons - ANSWERElectrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
Atomic number - ANSWERNumber of protons in an atom
24 elements have biological role - ANSWER24 elements that make up the human
body
6 elements that make up 98.5% of body weight - ANSWERCarbon, Hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
Trace Elements - ANSWERAn element indispensable for life but required in
extremely minute amounts.
minerals - ANSWERinorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up
food chain to humans
Electrolytes - ANSWERmineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function
planetary model - ANSWERelectrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular
orbits
Nucleus - ANSWERcenter of atom
Protons - ANSWERA positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Isotopes - ANSWERAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons.
, Isotopes of an element - ANSWERare chemically similar because they have the
same number of valence electrons
Radioisotopes - ANSWERIntense radiation can be ionizing
Ionizing - ANSWEREjects electrons, destroys molecules, creates free radicals.
Can cause cancer or mutations
Physical half-life - ANSWERtime it takes for 50% of the radioisotope to become
stable
Biological half-life - ANSWERtime required for 50% of radioisotope to clear from
body
Polar Bond - ANSWERa covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
Hydrogen bond - ANSWERWeak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen
atom and a slightly negative atom.
Van der Waals forces - ANSWERa slight attraction that develops between the
oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Sievert (Sv) - ANSWERUnit of radiation dosage
Fatal Radiation - ANSWER5 Sv
Ion - ANSWERA particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
Ionization - ANSWEREnergy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
Anion - ANSWERparticle that gains electron(s) (net negative charge
cation - ANSWERparticle that loses electron(s) (net positive charge)
Ions with opposite charges - ANSWERare attracted to eachother
Electrolyte Importance - ANSWERchemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical
effects on nerve and muscle tissue
electrolyte balance - ANSWERone of most important considerations in patient care.
Free Radicals - ANSWERChemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Trigger reactions that destroy molecules, and can cause cancer, death of heart
tissue, and aging
Antioxidants - ANSWERChemicals that neutralize free radicals
Molecule - ANSWERA group of atoms bonded together
CHAPTER 2 QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Biochemistry - ANSWERChemistry of living things
element - ANSWERA pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Neutron - ANSWERA particle found in the nucleus with mass similar to the proton
but with zero electric charge.
Electrons - ANSWERLight negatively charged particles that orbit around nucleus.
(clouds)
electrically neutral - ANSWERan object that has equal amounts of positive and
negative charges
Valence electrons - ANSWERElectrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
Atomic number - ANSWERNumber of protons in an atom
24 elements have biological role - ANSWER24 elements that make up the human
body
6 elements that make up 98.5% of body weight - ANSWERCarbon, Hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
Trace Elements - ANSWERAn element indispensable for life but required in
extremely minute amounts.
minerals - ANSWERinorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up
food chain to humans
Electrolytes - ANSWERmineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function
planetary model - ANSWERelectrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular
orbits
Nucleus - ANSWERcenter of atom
Protons - ANSWERA positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Isotopes - ANSWERAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons.
, Isotopes of an element - ANSWERare chemically similar because they have the
same number of valence electrons
Radioisotopes - ANSWERIntense radiation can be ionizing
Ionizing - ANSWEREjects electrons, destroys molecules, creates free radicals.
Can cause cancer or mutations
Physical half-life - ANSWERtime it takes for 50% of the radioisotope to become
stable
Biological half-life - ANSWERtime required for 50% of radioisotope to clear from
body
Polar Bond - ANSWERa covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
Hydrogen bond - ANSWERWeak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen
atom and a slightly negative atom.
Van der Waals forces - ANSWERa slight attraction that develops between the
oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Sievert (Sv) - ANSWERUnit of radiation dosage
Fatal Radiation - ANSWER5 Sv
Ion - ANSWERA particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
Ionization - ANSWEREnergy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
Anion - ANSWERparticle that gains electron(s) (net negative charge
cation - ANSWERparticle that loses electron(s) (net positive charge)
Ions with opposite charges - ANSWERare attracted to eachother
Electrolyte Importance - ANSWERchemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical
effects on nerve and muscle tissue
electrolyte balance - ANSWERone of most important considerations in patient care.
Free Radicals - ANSWERChemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Trigger reactions that destroy molecules, and can cause cancer, death of heart
tissue, and aging
Antioxidants - ANSWERChemicals that neutralize free radicals
Molecule - ANSWERA group of atoms bonded together
