PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE: INFO FROM ALL TESTS EXAM 100% SOLVED

PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM STUDY GUIDE: INFO FROM
ALL TESTS EXAM 100% SOLVED

,What are the Six characteristics of life: - ANSWERS1. Organisms are composed of cells
2. Organisms grow and develop
3. Organisms reproduce
3. Organisms react to stimuli
4. Organisms regulate
5. Populations of organisms evolve

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life that consists of material bound by
a membrane? - ANSWERSthe cell

Where do new cells come from? - ANSWERSnew cells come from old cells

What are the simplest forms of life? - ANSWERSsimplest forms of life are unicellular.

Compare and contrast, plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria cells: - ANSWERSa. plant
cells: cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, chloroplasts
b. Animal cells: cell membrane, nucleus, membrane bound organelles
c. bacteria: cell wall, cell membrane, may have flagella or cilia, contains DNA but no
nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, only ribosomes.

What are the two types of cells? Describe each and list the kingdoms they include. -
ANSWERSa. Eukaryotic: include kingdoms Animalia, plantae, Protista, and fungi. Cell
membrane, in case of plants cell wall, have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Eu= true nucleus.
b. Prokaryotic: kingdoms bacteria and archea. Cell wall and membrane, no nucleus,
have DNA and ribosomes. Pro= before nucleus.

How do organisms grow? How do they develop? - ANSWERSorganisms grow through
cell division-- organisms develop by their characteristics changing overtime.

What are metabolic processes? - ANSWERSthey help the cell regenerate to repair
damage, and help maintain homeostasis.

What are the two ways organisms can reproduce? - ANSWERSasexual reproduction
(binary fission) -- sexual reproduction (egg and sperm cell form a zygote)

Elaborate on the statement populations evolve, and the two different types of evolution
examples: - ANSWERSa. they change over generations, for example the average
human height has increased over generations.
b. structural- walrus's develop blubber to withstand cold
c. behavioral- bird's migration patterns have changed over time because of climate
change

,What is an example of information transfer within and among organisms:? -
ANSWERSa. within- if you touch something hot then you know to move your hand.
b. between- trees transfer chemicals through roots to one another underground

Define DNA; What does DNA code for? - ANSWERSa large molecule that contains
heritable information -- codes for proteins (amino acid chains, polypeptides)

How many species have been discovered thus far? How many do we think we have yet
to discover? What do we believe most of them are? - ANSWERSa. 1.8 million species
have been discovered thus far.
b. 5-50 million species.
c. most undiscovered are believed to be fungi and bacteria.

What is the two part way of naming species called; Describe the rules for writing a
species name by this system: - ANSWERSThe two name system for naming species is
called the binomial system of nomenclature Rules: capitalize the first name, the second
is not capitalized; when writing it you underline it; when you type it you italicize it ; how
to write an abbreviation H. sapiens

Who is Carolus Linnaeus? - ANSWERSfather of taxonomy, he gave us the binomial
system of nomenclature

What is a species? A closely related group of species is called: - ANSWERSSpecies: a
group of organisms with similar function and structure that CAN interbreed; closely
related group of species is called a taxon

What is the memory key did king Philip come over for good sex for? -
ANSWERSdomain-> kingdom->phylum-> class-> order-> genus-> species

Domain one: bacteria-- contains what kingdom? - ANSWERSKingdom within it
Eubacteria (examples: strep, E. coli)

Domain two: Archea-- contains what kingdom? - ANSWERSKingdom archeabacteria;
many are extremophiles

Domain three: Eukaryotes-- contains what kingdoms? - ANSWERS1. Kingdom one:
protists- unicellular misc. category
2. Kingdom two: Plantae-plants
3. Kingdom three: Animalia -worms, mammals, ect
4. Kingdom four: Fungi- mold, mildews, yeast

Hierarchy of life:
a. Cells make up _________
b. _______ make up organs
c. Organs make up _________ __________

, d. ________ _______ make up organisms
e. Organisms make up ___________
f. ___________ make up communities
g. Communities make up ____________
h. ______________ make up the biosphere - ANSWERSHierarchy of life:
a. Cells make up tissues
b. tissues make up organs
c. Organs make up organ systems
d. Organ systems make up organisms
e. Organisms make up populations
f. Populations make up communities
g. Communities make up ecosystems
h. ecosystems make up the biosphere

Define what a population is: - ANSWERSgroup of organisms of the same species living
in the dame place.

Define what a community is: - ANSWERSgroup of different populations in the same
place.

Define what an ecosystem is: - ANSWERSIncludes the community and abiotic
environment

What is the biosphere? - ANSWERSearth and all it's inhabitants and it's abiotic
environment

Evolutionary theory is a widely accepted _______ _________ that has been rigorously
retested-- Supported by numerous what? - ANSWERSscientific theory; different
scientists in numerous different studies.

What is homeostasis? - ANSWERSthe way the body maintains life maintaining
functions, example breathing, stable temperature, ect.

What are emergent properties? - ANSWERSonly observable at lower levels

The study of how organisms relate to one another and their physical environment is
called: - ANSWERSecology

What is a clade? - ANSWERSgroup of organisms with a common ancestor

Define an element: - ANSWERSsimplest form of a substance that cannot be broken
down any further

What is the smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties? -
ANSWERSthe atom