9/10/25, 1:45 AM Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 | All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and Graduate Student…
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 |
All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF
for Nursing and Graduate Students
Save
Terms in this set (155)
Lecture 1 - Genetics and ---
Cancer
- genetic material in the cell nucleus
- 3 parts
1. deoxyribose
2. phosphate molecule
DNA 3. 4 nitrogen bases
- each half of DNA is held together by weak hydrogen
bond between the base pairs (allows for splitting to
replicate)
4 total
Nitrogen bases of DNA Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine (uracil)
Purines: adenine and guanine
What cell does not have a RBC
nucleus?
- fundamental unit of heredity
Genes - found in chromosomes
- 3,000 - 5,000 base pairs long per gene
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,9/10/25, 1:45 AM Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 | All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and Graduate Student…
Coiled threads of DNA
supported by histones (ball-like
proteins) in the cell nucleus
(twist and wrap around a histone
to protect from breaking
- Human somatic cells = 46
chromosomes (23 pairs)
Chromosomes (diploid)
- Gametes/Sex = 23
chromosomes (haploid)
- DNA is negative (phosphate
base) and histones are positive
(lysine on the tail) so the
polarity causes attraction
~8 histones wrapped with DNA
Nucleosome
packages of nucleosomes
Chromatin
- DNA unwrapped from histone, DNA untwist, weak
hydrogen bond's break and open up, DNA
DNA Synthesis by DNA
polymerase reads template and brings in new strand
Replication
to match (opposites), this is how DNA is replicated.
-VERY rare for this to mess up
DNA Synthesis vs. - mRNA uses RNA polymerase not DNA polymerase
Transcription aka - mRNA uses Ribose not Deoxyribose
difference in DNA vs RNA - mRNA uses Uracil base not Thymine
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,9/10/25, 1:45 AM Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 | All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and Graduate Student…
Step 1 of Gene Expression
- RNA synthesized from DNA
template
- RNA Polymerase binds to
promoter site
- pre-mRNA is formed
- RNA polymerase detaches
- splicosome cuts out slices of
pre-mRNA to extract exons
(expressed gene) which will
leave the nucleus and go to the
cytoplasm and ribosomes as
RNA (introns stay in cell)
Step 2 of gene
expression/protein synthesis
Steps of DNA - mRNA groups base pairs into
Transcription 3's (ex UGG, AAA, GAU, UUC)
AKA "codons"
- Codon's match up with Anti-
codon = tRNA swimming around
cytoplasm
- Ribosome helps match up
codon's with paired anti-codon
tRNA has amino acid attached
also, then we line up AA to
create a string of AA (held by
peptide bond to)
- AA string together to make a
polypeptide (protein)
- Ribosomes stop when
reaching "stop codons" and start
with "start codons" which are
non-coding RNA
part of a DNA molecule that indicates where the
Promoter site
sequence of base pairs that makes up a gene begins
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, 9/10/25, 1:45 AM Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 | All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and Graduate Student…
DNA unwound, untwisted, pre-mRNA comes in to
match with gene, splicosome cuts the strand of pre-
mRNA to remove introns and allowing exons to leave
nucleus as the new mRNA to head into cytoplasm, to
DNA Translation the ribosome, ribosome acknowledges start codon,
(summary) codons match with anticodon brought by tRNA,
allowing attached AA to string together to create a
protein, and stop codon stops the process
---DNA makes more DNA (genes), RNA makes more
proteins AKA expressing that gene!!
- Only 2% of gene space is used for coding/ building
proteins
- Exon= coding space
- Intron=non-coding space/ spliced out of gene
expression
Coding and Non-Coding - "Letter" change in exon more likely to result in
mutation than"letter" change to intron section
- If an error occurs (rare) - only really matters if exon
material is wrong usually because of intron, it won't be
duplicated anyway
- Tri-nucleotide aka Codon
- DNA codes for RNA;
RNA codes for PROTEIN
Gene to Protein
- 3 Codons with 4 bases=64 Codons but only 22
amino acids = codon redundancy
from genes, pull out exons to make mRNA, but if we
sliced it differently, we can make different amino
Alternative Splicing acids, so splicosome pulls specifically what is needed
because of specific transcription factors found at the
promotor site
https://quizlet.com/1074046716/pathophysiology-exam-1-test-bank-20252026-all-versions-questions-verified-answers-pdf-for-nursing-and-graduate-s… 4/36
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 |
All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF
for Nursing and Graduate Students
Save
Terms in this set (155)
Lecture 1 - Genetics and ---
Cancer
- genetic material in the cell nucleus
- 3 parts
1. deoxyribose
2. phosphate molecule
DNA 3. 4 nitrogen bases
- each half of DNA is held together by weak hydrogen
bond between the base pairs (allows for splitting to
replicate)
4 total
Nitrogen bases of DNA Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine (uracil)
Purines: adenine and guanine
What cell does not have a RBC
nucleus?
- fundamental unit of heredity
Genes - found in chromosomes
- 3,000 - 5,000 base pairs long per gene
https://quizlet.com/1074046716/pathophysiology-exam-1-test-bank-20252026-all-versions-questions-verified-answers-pdf-for-nursing-and-graduate-s… 1/36
,9/10/25, 1:45 AM Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 | All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and Graduate Student…
Coiled threads of DNA
supported by histones (ball-like
proteins) in the cell nucleus
(twist and wrap around a histone
to protect from breaking
- Human somatic cells = 46
chromosomes (23 pairs)
Chromosomes (diploid)
- Gametes/Sex = 23
chromosomes (haploid)
- DNA is negative (phosphate
base) and histones are positive
(lysine on the tail) so the
polarity causes attraction
~8 histones wrapped with DNA
Nucleosome
packages of nucleosomes
Chromatin
- DNA unwrapped from histone, DNA untwist, weak
hydrogen bond's break and open up, DNA
DNA Synthesis by DNA
polymerase reads template and brings in new strand
Replication
to match (opposites), this is how DNA is replicated.
-VERY rare for this to mess up
DNA Synthesis vs. - mRNA uses RNA polymerase not DNA polymerase
Transcription aka - mRNA uses Ribose not Deoxyribose
difference in DNA vs RNA - mRNA uses Uracil base not Thymine
https://quizlet.com/1074046716/pathophysiology-exam-1-test-bank-20252026-all-versions-questions-verified-answers-pdf-for-nursing-and-graduate-s… 2/36
,9/10/25, 1:45 AM Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 | All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and Graduate Student…
Step 1 of Gene Expression
- RNA synthesized from DNA
template
- RNA Polymerase binds to
promoter site
- pre-mRNA is formed
- RNA polymerase detaches
- splicosome cuts out slices of
pre-mRNA to extract exons
(expressed gene) which will
leave the nucleus and go to the
cytoplasm and ribosomes as
RNA (introns stay in cell)
Step 2 of gene
expression/protein synthesis
Steps of DNA - mRNA groups base pairs into
Transcription 3's (ex UGG, AAA, GAU, UUC)
AKA "codons"
- Codon's match up with Anti-
codon = tRNA swimming around
cytoplasm
- Ribosome helps match up
codon's with paired anti-codon
tRNA has amino acid attached
also, then we line up AA to
create a string of AA (held by
peptide bond to)
- AA string together to make a
polypeptide (protein)
- Ribosomes stop when
reaching "stop codons" and start
with "start codons" which are
non-coding RNA
part of a DNA molecule that indicates where the
Promoter site
sequence of base pairs that makes up a gene begins
https://quizlet.com/1074046716/pathophysiology-exam-1-test-bank-20252026-all-versions-questions-verified-answers-pdf-for-nursing-and-graduate-s… 3/36
, 9/10/25, 1:45 AM Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank 2025–2026 | All Versions Questions & Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and Graduate Student…
DNA unwound, untwisted, pre-mRNA comes in to
match with gene, splicosome cuts the strand of pre-
mRNA to remove introns and allowing exons to leave
nucleus as the new mRNA to head into cytoplasm, to
DNA Translation the ribosome, ribosome acknowledges start codon,
(summary) codons match with anticodon brought by tRNA,
allowing attached AA to string together to create a
protein, and stop codon stops the process
---DNA makes more DNA (genes), RNA makes more
proteins AKA expressing that gene!!
- Only 2% of gene space is used for coding/ building
proteins
- Exon= coding space
- Intron=non-coding space/ spliced out of gene
expression
Coding and Non-Coding - "Letter" change in exon more likely to result in
mutation than"letter" change to intron section
- If an error occurs (rare) - only really matters if exon
material is wrong usually because of intron, it won't be
duplicated anyway
- Tri-nucleotide aka Codon
- DNA codes for RNA;
RNA codes for PROTEIN
Gene to Protein
- 3 Codons with 4 bases=64 Codons but only 22
amino acids = codon redundancy
from genes, pull out exons to make mRNA, but if we
sliced it differently, we can make different amino
Alternative Splicing acids, so splicosome pulls specifically what is needed
because of specific transcription factors found at the
promotor site
https://quizlet.com/1074046716/pathophysiology-exam-1-test-bank-20252026-all-versions-questions-verified-answers-pdf-for-nursing-and-graduate-s… 4/36
