PHY 150 Exam 1 Study Questions exam |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with correct answers |||\\\ |||\\\
In what ways is the celestial sphere a scientific model? - correct answer✔✔The celestial
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
sphere is an excellent scientific model. It is an accurate representation of what we observe
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
when we view the night sky. Note that as we look out at the night sky, all the stars appear to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
be an equal distance away as if they were dots painted on a giant ceiling. Consequently, the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
celestial sphere does represent what we see, and permits us to discuss what would happen if
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Earth is at the center and Earth rotated on its axis, and/or revolved around the sun. It provides
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
us with a way to step back and picture in our minds what is going on as Earth rotates on its axis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and revolves around the sun.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What causes the seasons? - correct answer✔✔Because Earth orbits the sun, the sun appears
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to move eastward along the ecliptic. The inclination of the ecliptic means the sun is in the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
northern hemisphere half the year and the southern hemisphere the other half. In the summer, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the sun is above the horizon longer and shines more directly down on the ground. Both effects
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cause warmer weather.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
GALILEO Galilei - correct answer✔✔Galilei (1564-1642) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Resolved the stars in the Milky Way, discovered sunspots and measured the Sun's rotation, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
observed Venus phases, discovered four moons of Jupiter, observed lunar features and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
measured lunar wobble, supported the Copernican system of planetary movement via his |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
observations.
KEPLER Johannes (1571 - 1630) - correct answer✔✔Using Brahe's precise data derived his
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
three laws of planetary elliptical motion, provided explanation of optical image formation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through small apertures, the first enunciation of the inverse square law for intensity of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
illumination.
,HERSCHEL William (1738 - 1822) - correct answer✔✔The discoverer of Uranus and several |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
satellites of Saturn and Uranus, discovered that some double stars orbit each other, discovered |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
infrared radiation, attempted to map the Milky Way's shape, known for building state-of-the-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
art telescopes. |||\\\
LAPLACE Pierre-Simon (1749 - 1827) - correct answer✔✔Postulated the solar system evolved |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
from a large flattened cloud of gas, published differential equations describing planetary orbits
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and tides, determined the masses of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, applied probability theory to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
errors in observations. |||\\\ |||\\\
COPERNICUS Nicolaus (1473 - 1543) - correct answer✔✔Proposed Earth orbited the Sun via |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium contradicting the long held Ptolomic belief that the Sun
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
orbited the Earth thereby laying the groundwork for Galileo and Kepler. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
PTOLOMY Claudius (2nd century AD) - correct answer✔✔Through his Almagest constructed an |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
accurate geocentric model of the solar system consisting of a series of deferents and epicycles
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that was followed for 15 centuries until Copernicus.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
BRAHE Tycho (1546 - 1601) - correct answer✔✔Chronicled supernova of 1572 and discovered
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
it had no diurnal parallax proving it lay beyond the Moon, plotted the motion of the comet of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
1577, accurately plotted motions of planets used by Kepler after his death.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
HALLEY Edmond (1656 - 1742) - correct answer✔✔Astronomer Royal, discovered Omega
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Centauri, paid for publishing Newton's Principia, using Newton' gravitational law predicted the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
comet of 1682 would return in 76 years, invented the idea of using transits of Mercury and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Venus to determine distance to the Sun. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
HUBBLE Edwin (1889 - 1953) - correct answer✔✔Discovered the Hubble classification of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
galaxies, using Cepheid variables in M31 and M33 calculated their distances, showed that |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
galaxy distribution was cosmologically uniform, showed galaxies were moving away from us at
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
speeds proportional to their distance (Hubble's Law). |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, KUIPER Gerard (1905 - 73) - correct answer✔✔First planetary scientist, spectroscopically
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
detected CH4 on Titan and CO2 on Mars, identified the comet-like debris of Kuiper's Belt at the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
edge of the solar system. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between mass and weight? - correct answer✔✔Mass is a scientific
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
measure of the amount of matter an object is made up of. No matter where you are at given
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
moment in time, mass is constant. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Weight is a form of measurement that is dependent on gravity and, unlike mass, your weight
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
can vary depending on where you are in the universe.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe two ways atoms can become excited, that is, can gain energy. - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Atoms can become excited, that is, gain energy through collisions with other atoms |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
or electrons or by absorbing a photon.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between lunar maria and lunar highlands? - correct answer✔✔The dark
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
material filling the Maria is actually dark, solidified lava from earlier periods of Lunar
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
volcanism. Both the Maria and the Highlands exhibit large craters that are the result of meteor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
impacts. There are many more such impact craters in the Highlands.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between terrestrial and jovian planets? - correct answer✔✔Terrestrial
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
planets are small with high densities and rocky surfaces ,while jovian planets are large with low
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
densities and gaseous surfaces. In the solar system, Mars, Mercury, Earth and Venus are
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
terrestrial planets, while Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are jovian planets. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the gaseous substances of the Jovian planets and why do they affect the color of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
planets? - correct answer✔✔The cores of all four jovian planets are made of some
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
combination of rock, metal and hydrogen compounds. Jupiter and Saturn have similar interiors, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with layers extending outward of metallic hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
topped with a layer of visible clouds. Unlike Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cores of rock and metal, but also water, methane and ammonia. The layer surrounding the core
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with correct answers |||\\\ |||\\\
In what ways is the celestial sphere a scientific model? - correct answer✔✔The celestial
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
sphere is an excellent scientific model. It is an accurate representation of what we observe
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
when we view the night sky. Note that as we look out at the night sky, all the stars appear to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
be an equal distance away as if they were dots painted on a giant ceiling. Consequently, the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
celestial sphere does represent what we see, and permits us to discuss what would happen if
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Earth is at the center and Earth rotated on its axis, and/or revolved around the sun. It provides
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
us with a way to step back and picture in our minds what is going on as Earth rotates on its axis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and revolves around the sun.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What causes the seasons? - correct answer✔✔Because Earth orbits the sun, the sun appears
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to move eastward along the ecliptic. The inclination of the ecliptic means the sun is in the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
northern hemisphere half the year and the southern hemisphere the other half. In the summer, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the sun is above the horizon longer and shines more directly down on the ground. Both effects
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cause warmer weather.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
GALILEO Galilei - correct answer✔✔Galilei (1564-1642) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Resolved the stars in the Milky Way, discovered sunspots and measured the Sun's rotation, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
observed Venus phases, discovered four moons of Jupiter, observed lunar features and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
measured lunar wobble, supported the Copernican system of planetary movement via his |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
observations.
KEPLER Johannes (1571 - 1630) - correct answer✔✔Using Brahe's precise data derived his
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
three laws of planetary elliptical motion, provided explanation of optical image formation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through small apertures, the first enunciation of the inverse square law for intensity of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
illumination.
,HERSCHEL William (1738 - 1822) - correct answer✔✔The discoverer of Uranus and several |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
satellites of Saturn and Uranus, discovered that some double stars orbit each other, discovered |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
infrared radiation, attempted to map the Milky Way's shape, known for building state-of-the-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
art telescopes. |||\\\
LAPLACE Pierre-Simon (1749 - 1827) - correct answer✔✔Postulated the solar system evolved |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
from a large flattened cloud of gas, published differential equations describing planetary orbits
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and tides, determined the masses of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, applied probability theory to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
errors in observations. |||\\\ |||\\\
COPERNICUS Nicolaus (1473 - 1543) - correct answer✔✔Proposed Earth orbited the Sun via |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium contradicting the long held Ptolomic belief that the Sun
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
orbited the Earth thereby laying the groundwork for Galileo and Kepler. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
PTOLOMY Claudius (2nd century AD) - correct answer✔✔Through his Almagest constructed an |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
accurate geocentric model of the solar system consisting of a series of deferents and epicycles
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that was followed for 15 centuries until Copernicus.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
BRAHE Tycho (1546 - 1601) - correct answer✔✔Chronicled supernova of 1572 and discovered
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
it had no diurnal parallax proving it lay beyond the Moon, plotted the motion of the comet of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
1577, accurately plotted motions of planets used by Kepler after his death.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
HALLEY Edmond (1656 - 1742) - correct answer✔✔Astronomer Royal, discovered Omega
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Centauri, paid for publishing Newton's Principia, using Newton' gravitational law predicted the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
comet of 1682 would return in 76 years, invented the idea of using transits of Mercury and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Venus to determine distance to the Sun. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
HUBBLE Edwin (1889 - 1953) - correct answer✔✔Discovered the Hubble classification of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
galaxies, using Cepheid variables in M31 and M33 calculated their distances, showed that |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
galaxy distribution was cosmologically uniform, showed galaxies were moving away from us at
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
speeds proportional to their distance (Hubble's Law). |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, KUIPER Gerard (1905 - 73) - correct answer✔✔First planetary scientist, spectroscopically
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
detected CH4 on Titan and CO2 on Mars, identified the comet-like debris of Kuiper's Belt at the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
edge of the solar system. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between mass and weight? - correct answer✔✔Mass is a scientific
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
measure of the amount of matter an object is made up of. No matter where you are at given
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
moment in time, mass is constant. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Weight is a form of measurement that is dependent on gravity and, unlike mass, your weight
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
can vary depending on where you are in the universe.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe two ways atoms can become excited, that is, can gain energy. - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Atoms can become excited, that is, gain energy through collisions with other atoms |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
or electrons or by absorbing a photon.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between lunar maria and lunar highlands? - correct answer✔✔The dark
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
material filling the Maria is actually dark, solidified lava from earlier periods of Lunar
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
volcanism. Both the Maria and the Highlands exhibit large craters that are the result of meteor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
impacts. There are many more such impact craters in the Highlands.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between terrestrial and jovian planets? - correct answer✔✔Terrestrial
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
planets are small with high densities and rocky surfaces ,while jovian planets are large with low
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
densities and gaseous surfaces. In the solar system, Mars, Mercury, Earth and Venus are
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terrestrial planets, while Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are jovian planets. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the gaseous substances of the Jovian planets and why do they affect the color of the
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planets? - correct answer✔✔The cores of all four jovian planets are made of some
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combination of rock, metal and hydrogen compounds. Jupiter and Saturn have similar interiors, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with layers extending outward of metallic hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen, and
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topped with a layer of visible clouds. Unlike Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have
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cores of rock and metal, but also water, methane and ammonia. The layer surrounding the core
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