Thomas Jefferson University: NU 570/ NU570 Exam 4 | Complete Questions and Answers | 100% all Correct updated fall 2025/26.

NU 570 Exam 4 Questions and Answers Updated Fall 2025. 1. During a lecture at TJU you are asked to discuss structural and functional differences between the lobes of the brain. Which of the following lobes contains the primary motor cortex? 2. A 25-year-old woman is referred to the gynecologist for treatment of infertility. The patient is obese (BMI=32 kg/m2) and has pronounced facial hair (hirsutism). She states that she has always had irregular menstrual periods. On gynecologic examination, both ovaries are found to be symmetrically enlarged. The patient’s ovaries would likely show which of the following pathological changes? 3. A 2-month-old infant is brought to the emergency room with severe, unremitting watery diarrhea. Which of the following is a potentially lethal complication of dehydration in your patient? 4. A 45-year-old obese woman (BMI = 32 Kg/m2) with a history of diabetes mellitus and poorly controlled HTN complains of increased menstrual blood flow of 3-month duration. An endometrial biopsy reveals adenocarcinoma. Which of the following hormones is recognized as an important risk factor for the development of this uterine cancer? 5. During an invited lecture at a local community college, you are asked to renew neuroanatomy. Name the myelinating cell of the peripheral nervous system. 6. This woman has a pituitary adenoma that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (patient shown). The patient exhibits obesity, increased facial hair, and moon facies. What is the appropriate diagnosis? 7. Name a common disease of the endocrine pancreas that is associated with aging, lack of exercise and obesity. 8. A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room with fever, vomiting and convulsions. The patient is febrile to 39.5 C (104 F). Physical examination reveals cervical rigidity and neck pain. Bacterial infection most likely involves which anatomic region of the child’s brain? 9. The clinical features of Cushing syndrome are due to increased serum levels of which of the following hormones? 10. A 67-year-old woman discovers a lump in her breast on self-examination. Physical examination confirms a mass in the lower, outer quadrant of the left breast. Mammography demonstrates an ill-defined, stellate density measuring approximately 1cm in the lower outer quadrant. Needle aspiration of the breast mass reveals malignant epithelial cells. What is the most likely pathologic diagnosis? 11. She noticed spotting throughout the entire cycle. The patient is obese (BMI = 32kg/m2), and her blood pressure is 160/100 mm Hg. An ultrasound examination reveals a thickened endometrial stripe with a polypoid mass in the uterine fundus. The patient undergoes a hysterectomy. The uterus is opened to reveal a partially necrotic mass (Shown). Microscopic examination reveals adenocarcinoma. Which of the following represents the most likely precursor of this patient’s malignant disease? 12. A 23-year-old woman fails to resume her menstrual cycle after giving birth to her daughter. Laboratory findings reveal decreased levels of circulating hormones, including MSH, TSH, ACTH and FSH. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 13. Which of the following regions of the central nervous system regulates vital autonomic process, such as a heart rate and respiration? 14. A 23-year-old woman requests information regarding risk factors for breast cancer. You explain to her that the strongest association with increased risk for breast cancer is which of the following? 15. A 75-year-old woman with a history of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis is found to have an atherosclerotic aneurysm in her brain. Which of the following is the major complication of this pathologic finding? 16. A 30-year-old woman complains of painful swelling of her breasts. Physical examination reveals nodularity in the lower, outer quadrants of both breasts. Mammography shows irregular areas of increased density. A breast biopsy reveals increased fibrous stoma and cystic dilation of terminal ducts. This patient’s condition is most commonly seen in which of the following groups? 17. A 40-year-old man reported having sudden attacks of dizziness, blurred vision, and excruciating headaches. During these attacks his blood pressure was 180/120 mm Hg. What could cause these paroxysms (fits) of malignant hypertension? 18. A 12-year-old boy presents for a pre-summer camp physical examination. Routine urinalysis discloses 3+ glucosuria. On questioning, the child admits to thirst and frequent urination, accompanied by weight loss over the past few months. A finger stick glucose test in the office shows elevated blood sugar levels of 280mg/dL. Which of the following best explains the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and diabetes in this patient? 19. A neonate is noted at birth to have a neural tube defect. Examination of the subcutaneous lesion reveals disorganized neural tissue with entrapment of nerve roots. What is the most appropriate diagnosis? 20. The development of ischemic heart disease, renal failure, and blindness in patients with diabetes mellitus relates, largely, to the severity and chronicity of which of the following? 21. A 30-year-old woman presents to the ER complaining that she has the “worst headache” of her life. The patient shows no evidence of muscle weakness or ataxia. Imaging studies reveal subarachnoid hemorrhage and an angiogram shows saccular (berry) aneurysm. Which of the following is the most likely anatomic location of the aneurysm in this patient? 22. A 27-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist with a 5-day history of vaginal bleeding. A home pregnancy test had been positive 1 week previously. This morning, the patient passed tissue with the appearance of small grapes. An ultrasound shows a dilated endometrial cavity, but no evidence of a fetus. Endometrial evacuation of the uterus by suction curettage reveals grapelike clusters, with individual units measuring up to 5mm in diameter (shown). Which of the following is the malignant counterpart of this gestational trophoblastic disease? 23. A 12-year-old boy is rushed to the ER in a coma after falling from a tree. MRI shows a subdural hematoma. What is the most likely source of intracranial bleeding in this patient? 24. A 54-year-old woman dies 48 hours after suffering severe head injuries in an automobile accident. Just before her death, her left pupil became fixed and dilated (oculomotor nerve palsy). Which of the following contributed the most to this patient’s death? 25. A 55-year-old man is brought to the ER after a near drowning accident while boating. The patient has no pulse when the paramedics arrive, but he is resuscitated. The patient never regains consciousness and expires 3 days later. Examination of the brain at autopsy reveals a watershed zone infarction in the left cerebral hemisphere. Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of this cerebral infarct? 26. Spongiform encephalopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that occur sporadically and may be inherited. They are characterized by slowly progressive ataxia and dementia. The infectious agents of these neurological diseases are best defined as which of the following? 27. a 35-year-old nulliparous woman complains her breasts are both swollen and nodular upon palpitation. Breast biopsy reveals cystic dilation and ductal epithelial hyperplasia without atypia. What is the most likely pathologic diagnosis? 28. A 24-year-old woman delivers a healthy baby and begins breastfeeding. The patient presents 2 weeks later with a fever of 38C (101F). physical examination shows no abnormal vaginal discharge or evidence of pelvic pain, but does reveal redness on the lower side of the left breast (shown). 29. A 29-year-old woman is evaluated for an abnormal cervical pap smear. Colposcopy reveals condyloma acuminatum of the exocervix (shown). In situ hybridization analysis of a cervical biopsy specimen will most likely demonstrate evidence of which of the following infectious disease agents? 30. A 36-year-old woman complains of dull pelvic pain for 9 months that is accentuated during menstruation. Physical examination and endocrinologic studies are normal. Laparoscopy reveals multiple, small hemorrhagic lesions over the surface of both ovaries and fallopian tubes and abundant pelvic scarring. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 31. Lack of thyroid hormone in an infant (congenital hypothyroidism) is associated with growth and mental retardation. Name this condition. 32. A 54-year-old woman presents with a 1-month history of intermittent vaginal bleeding. Pelvic examination reveals a left adnexal mass. Laboratory studies demonstrate hyperestrogenism. A CT scan of the abdomen reveals a 5 cm mass replacing the left ovary. The patient undergoes hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Based on these clinicopathologic findings. What is the most likely pathologic diagnosis for the patient’s estrogen-secreting ovarian mass? 33. A 22-year-old woman presents with a painless nodule in the lower outer quadrant of her right breast that she has palpated for 2 months. The nodule appears to be freely movable, sharply demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma and firm. A mammogram demonstrates a circumscribed and homogeneous density. The encapsulated tumor is removed and the surgical specimen is shown. What is the most likely pathologic diagnosis? 34. A 40-year-old woman noted a “swelling” on the anterior side of her lower neck. She had no other symptoms. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 35. A 53-year-old woman discovers a lump in her breast. Physical examination confirms a mass about 1cm in diameter in the outer quadrant of the left breast. Mammography reveals an ill-defined stellate density measuring 1 cm. Fine needle aspiration discloses invasive ductal carcinoma. Which of the following is the most important prognostic factor for this patient with breast cancer? 36. The parents of an 18-year-old man who sustained head trauma in an automobile accident asked you about major functional centers in the brain. Which of the following is the visual processing center of the brain? 37. A 60-year-old man complains of difficulty walking. On examination, the patient appears stiff and stooped, shows an expressionless face and speaks in a monotone voice. A tremor of his fingers is apparent, but ceases when he tries to reach for something. The patient dies 10 years later. At autopsy, the substantia nigra of the patient demonstrates reduced pigmentation. This pathologic finding was associated with reduced secretion of which of the following neurotransmitters? 38. A 33-year-old woman with a history of menorrhagia presents with a 6-month history of increasing fatigue. A CBC reveals a hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Bimanual pelvic examination reveals an enlarged uterus with multiple, irregular masses. A hysterectomy is performed, and a sharply circumscribed fleshy tumor is found within the uterine wall (shown in the image). Which of the following is the most likely pathologic diagnosis? 39. A 65-year-old woman presents with a 3-week history of intractable headaches. Her vital signs and CBC are normal. Two weeks later, the patient develops left-sided hemiparesis. MRI reveals a large, necrotic tumor in the right hemisphere of the cerebrum, extending across the corpus callosum into the left hemisphere. This highly malignant tumor is most likely derived from which of the following cells? 40. The adrenal medulla is the most frequent site of origin for this malignant neoplasm of childhood (shown). It accounts for half of all cancers diagnosed in the first month of life. Name this tumor. 41. A 26-year-old woman presents for a routine physical examination and a cervical pap smear is taken. Exfoliated cervical cells from the exocervix are examined by light microscopy. Which of the following types of epithelial tissue is sampled in this non- invasive diagnostic procedure? 42. A 55-year-old woman complains of dysfunctional vaginal bleeding. An ulcerated lesion of the uterine cervix was subsequently identified, and the patient obtained a complete hysterectomy. The surgical specimen is shown. What is the most likely pathologic diagnosis? 43. A 45-year-old woman suffers from exophthalmos, tachycardia, oligomenorrhea, nervousness and tremors (patient shown). Blood work reveals circulating antibodies directed against which of the following target antigens? 44. A 68-year-old obese woman suffers a stroke and expires. Histologic examination of the brain at autopsy reveals expensive arteriolar lipohyalinosis and numerous Charcot Bouchard aneurysms. Which of the following best accounts for the pathogenesis of these autopsy findings? 45. A 59-year-old woman from Peru presents with a neck mass (patient shown). Laboratory studies and needle biopsy show this enlarged thyroid is not associated with functional, neoplastic, or inflammatory alterations. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 46. A 50-year-old woman noted abdominal swelling. The doctor diagnosed ascites and requested a gynecologic consultation. What findings would be expected on gynecologic examination? 47. Injury to which of the following areas of the CNS would adversely affect the control of fine movement, as well as equilibrium, posture, and motor learning? 48. A 50-year-old white woman with hyperthyroidism is likely to have which one of the following complexes of symptoms? 49. A 6-year-old girl with a history of otitis media develops a cystic lesion in the temporal lobe of her brain. What is the most likely diagnosis? 50. A 40-year-old man notices enlargement of his hands and feed (suddenly ill-fitting shoes). The patient has a prominent lower jaw and his teeth have become separated from one another. What is the appropriate diagnosis? 51. A benign tumor was removed from a 50-year-old woman with symptoms of hypercortisolism (surgical specimen shown). Name this tumor. 52. A 45-year-old woman suffered massive head trauma in a snowboarding accident. The patient persists in a vegetative coma for several months and then expires. A section of the temporal lobe shows proliferation of cells with a star-shaped appearance (shown). Which of the following best describes this cellular response to injury? 53. Which of the following is a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease? 54. A 30-year-old woman, who is not pregnant has not menstruated for 4 months and is now producing milk from her breasts. Which of the following pathologic findings/conditions is most likely responsible for the development of galactorrhea in this patient? 55. A 35-year-old woman complains of urinary incontinence and blurred vision for 2 months. A funduscopic examination shows no abnormalities. Two months later, the patient developed double vision and numbness in the fingers of her left hand. MRI shows scattered plaques in the patient’s brain and spinal cord. Over the next several months, some of these plaques diminish in size, while others appear in new locations. Periventricular plaques observed at autopsy of a different patient are shown. These plaques represent selective loss of which of the following proteins? 56. Which of the following endocrine disorders is associated with a failure of the adrenal glands to produce sufficient glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and weak androgens? 57. A 50-year-old man became extremely obese, with fat accumulating most markedly on his upper trunk. He had a red rounded face and almost translucent skin that was prone to bruising. What is the first question that should be posted to this patient? 58. A 48-year-old woman presented with complaints of sweating a lot, feeling hot, and being constantly tired. She had a fast pulse rate and reported feeling constantly hungry. On examination, she was found to have bulging eyes and an enlarged thyroid. What is the diagnosis?