BIOLOGY 111 MODULE 1 - Ch. 1-
./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./
3 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
./ ./ ./ ./ ./
evolution./-
./correct./answer./ an./organism's./adaptations./to./its./environment./such./as./mouse's./protective./ca
mouflage./result./of./evolution
adapted./-./correct./answer./
biology./-
./correct./answer./ posing./questions./about./the./living./world./and./seeking./answers./through./scient
ific./inquiry./are./the./central./activities./of./biology,./the./scientific./study./of./life.
Five./unifying./themes./of./biology./-
./ways./of./thinking./about./life./that./will./hold./true./decades./from./now./-
./correct./answer./ 1../organization
2../information
3../energy./and./matter
4../interactions
5../evolution
reductionism./-
./correct./answer./ an./approach./that./reduces./complex./systems./to./simpler./components./that./are.
/more./manageable./to./study../Zooming./in./at./ever-
finer./resolution./illustrates./the./principle./that./underlies./reductionism
*Reductionism./is./a./powerful./strategy./in./biology
EX:./James./Watson./and./Francis./Crick./studied./the./molecular./structure./of./DNA./that./had./been./extract
ed./from./cells,./they./inferred./the./chemical./basis./of./biological./inheritance.
-provides./incomplete./view./of./life
,emergent./properties./-
./correct./answer./ novel./properties./that./emerge./at./each./level./that./are./absent./from./the./preced
ing./one./due./to./the./arrangement./and./interactions./of./parts./as./complexity./increases.
Isolated./components./of./living./systems./-./the./objects./of./study./in./a./reductionist./approach./-
./lack./a./number./of./significant./properties./that./emerge./at./higher./levels./of./organization.
Emergent./properties./are./not./unique./to./life.
systems./biology./-./correct./answer./ biologists./complement./reductionism./with./system./biology
the./exploration./of./the./network./of./interactions./that./underlie./the./emergent./properties./of./a./system../
*Systems./biology./can./be./used./to./study./life./at./all./levels.
structure./and./function./-
./correct./answer./ at./each./level./of./biological./organization,./there./is./a./correlation./between./struc
ture./and./function.
Cell./-
./correct./answer./ the./smallest./unit./of./organization./that./can./perform./all./activities./required./for.
/life.
-the./actions./of./an./organism./are./all./based./on./the./activities./of./its./cells.
Two./main./forms./of./cells./-./correct./answer./ prokaryotic./and./eukaryotic
prokaryotic./-./correct./answer./ -cells./of./two./groups./of./single-celled./microorganisms./-
./bacteria./and./archaea
-lacks./a./nucleus./or./other./membrane-enclosed./organelles../
-generally./smaller./than./eukaryotic./cells
eukaryotic./-./correct./answer./ -all./other./forms./of./life,./including./plants./and./animals
-./contains./membrane-enclosed./organelles
-some./organelles,./such./as./the./DNA-
containing./nucleus,./are./found./in./the./cells./of./all./eukaryotes,./other./organelles./are./specific./to./particu
lar./cell./types
,Levels./of./Biological./Organization:
1../biosphere
2../ecosystem
3../communities
4../populations
5../organisms
6../organs
7../tissues
8../cells
9../organelles
10../molecules./-./correct./answer./ SEE./BELOW
biosphere./-
./correct./answer./ consists./of./all./life./on./Earth./and./all./the./places./where./life./exists,./most./region
s./of./land,./most./bodies./of./water,./the./atmosphere./to./an./altitude./of./several./kilometers,./even./sedime
nts./far./below./the./ocean./floor.
ecosystems./-
./correct./answer./ consists./of./all./the./living./things./in./a./particular./area,./along./with./all./the./nonliv
ing./components./of./the./environment./with./which./life./interacts,./such./as./soil,./water,./atmospheric./gas
es,./and./light.
community./-
./correct./answer./ the./array./of./organisms./inhabiting./a./particular./ecosystem../Each./form./of./life-
plants,./various./animals,./mushrooms,fungi./microorganisms./belongs./to./a./species./-
./group./whose./members./can./only./reproduce./with./other./members./of./the./group.
populations./-
./correct./answer./ consists./of./all./the./individuals./of./a./species./living./within./the./bounds./of./a./spe
cified./area.
, a./set./of./populations./that./inhabit./a./particular./area
organisms./-./correct./answer./ individual./living./things./
each./plant,./animal,./fungus,./and./bacterium
organs./-
./correct./answer./ a./body./part./that./is./made./up./of./multiple./tissues./and./has./specific./functions./i
n./the./body../
Leaves,./stems,./and./roots./are./the./major./organs./of./plants.
Within./an./organ,./each./tissue./has./a./distinct./arrangement./and./contributes./particular./properties./to./o
rgan./function
tissues./-
./correct./answer./ a./group./of./cells./that./work./together,./performing./a./specialized./function.
cells./-
./correct./answer./ the./cell./is./life's./fundamental./unit./of./structure./and./function../some./organisms
./are./single./cell,./some./multicellular./and./feature./a./division./of./labor./among./specialized./cells.
organelles./-./correct./answer./ various./functional./components./present./in./cells.
molecules./-./correct./answer./ chemical./structure./consisting./of./two./or./more./units./called./atoms.
DNA./deoxyribonucleic./acid./-./correct./answer./ -
within./cells,./chromosomes./contain./genetic./material./in./the./form./of./DNA
-each./chromosome./contains./one./very./long./DNA./molecule./with./hundreds./of./thousands./of./genes
-molecular./structure./allows./DNA./ability./to./store./information
-made./of./up./2./long./chains,./strands./arranged./in./double./helix
-each./made./up./of./4./kinds./of./chemical./building./blocks./nucleotides./-./A-T-C-G
nucleotide./-./correct./answer./ chemical./building./blocks./of./DNA./-./A-T-C-G
./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./
3 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
./ ./ ./ ./ ./
evolution./-
./correct./answer./ an./organism's./adaptations./to./its./environment./such./as./mouse's./protective./ca
mouflage./result./of./evolution
adapted./-./correct./answer./
biology./-
./correct./answer./ posing./questions./about./the./living./world./and./seeking./answers./through./scient
ific./inquiry./are./the./central./activities./of./biology,./the./scientific./study./of./life.
Five./unifying./themes./of./biology./-
./ways./of./thinking./about./life./that./will./hold./true./decades./from./now./-
./correct./answer./ 1../organization
2../information
3../energy./and./matter
4../interactions
5../evolution
reductionism./-
./correct./answer./ an./approach./that./reduces./complex./systems./to./simpler./components./that./are.
/more./manageable./to./study../Zooming./in./at./ever-
finer./resolution./illustrates./the./principle./that./underlies./reductionism
*Reductionism./is./a./powerful./strategy./in./biology
EX:./James./Watson./and./Francis./Crick./studied./the./molecular./structure./of./DNA./that./had./been./extract
ed./from./cells,./they./inferred./the./chemical./basis./of./biological./inheritance.
-provides./incomplete./view./of./life
,emergent./properties./-
./correct./answer./ novel./properties./that./emerge./at./each./level./that./are./absent./from./the./preced
ing./one./due./to./the./arrangement./and./interactions./of./parts./as./complexity./increases.
Isolated./components./of./living./systems./-./the./objects./of./study./in./a./reductionist./approach./-
./lack./a./number./of./significant./properties./that./emerge./at./higher./levels./of./organization.
Emergent./properties./are./not./unique./to./life.
systems./biology./-./correct./answer./ biologists./complement./reductionism./with./system./biology
the./exploration./of./the./network./of./interactions./that./underlie./the./emergent./properties./of./a./system../
*Systems./biology./can./be./used./to./study./life./at./all./levels.
structure./and./function./-
./correct./answer./ at./each./level./of./biological./organization,./there./is./a./correlation./between./struc
ture./and./function.
Cell./-
./correct./answer./ the./smallest./unit./of./organization./that./can./perform./all./activities./required./for.
/life.
-the./actions./of./an./organism./are./all./based./on./the./activities./of./its./cells.
Two./main./forms./of./cells./-./correct./answer./ prokaryotic./and./eukaryotic
prokaryotic./-./correct./answer./ -cells./of./two./groups./of./single-celled./microorganisms./-
./bacteria./and./archaea
-lacks./a./nucleus./or./other./membrane-enclosed./organelles../
-generally./smaller./than./eukaryotic./cells
eukaryotic./-./correct./answer./ -all./other./forms./of./life,./including./plants./and./animals
-./contains./membrane-enclosed./organelles
-some./organelles,./such./as./the./DNA-
containing./nucleus,./are./found./in./the./cells./of./all./eukaryotes,./other./organelles./are./specific./to./particu
lar./cell./types
,Levels./of./Biological./Organization:
1../biosphere
2../ecosystem
3../communities
4../populations
5../organisms
6../organs
7../tissues
8../cells
9../organelles
10../molecules./-./correct./answer./ SEE./BELOW
biosphere./-
./correct./answer./ consists./of./all./life./on./Earth./and./all./the./places./where./life./exists,./most./region
s./of./land,./most./bodies./of./water,./the./atmosphere./to./an./altitude./of./several./kilometers,./even./sedime
nts./far./below./the./ocean./floor.
ecosystems./-
./correct./answer./ consists./of./all./the./living./things./in./a./particular./area,./along./with./all./the./nonliv
ing./components./of./the./environment./with./which./life./interacts,./such./as./soil,./water,./atmospheric./gas
es,./and./light.
community./-
./correct./answer./ the./array./of./organisms./inhabiting./a./particular./ecosystem../Each./form./of./life-
plants,./various./animals,./mushrooms,fungi./microorganisms./belongs./to./a./species./-
./group./whose./members./can./only./reproduce./with./other./members./of./the./group.
populations./-
./correct./answer./ consists./of./all./the./individuals./of./a./species./living./within./the./bounds./of./a./spe
cified./area.
, a./set./of./populations./that./inhabit./a./particular./area
organisms./-./correct./answer./ individual./living./things./
each./plant,./animal,./fungus,./and./bacterium
organs./-
./correct./answer./ a./body./part./that./is./made./up./of./multiple./tissues./and./has./specific./functions./i
n./the./body../
Leaves,./stems,./and./roots./are./the./major./organs./of./plants.
Within./an./organ,./each./tissue./has./a./distinct./arrangement./and./contributes./particular./properties./to./o
rgan./function
tissues./-
./correct./answer./ a./group./of./cells./that./work./together,./performing./a./specialized./function.
cells./-
./correct./answer./ the./cell./is./life's./fundamental./unit./of./structure./and./function../some./organisms
./are./single./cell,./some./multicellular./and./feature./a./division./of./labor./among./specialized./cells.
organelles./-./correct./answer./ various./functional./components./present./in./cells.
molecules./-./correct./answer./ chemical./structure./consisting./of./two./or./more./units./called./atoms.
DNA./deoxyribonucleic./acid./-./correct./answer./ -
within./cells,./chromosomes./contain./genetic./material./in./the./form./of./DNA
-each./chromosome./contains./one./very./long./DNA./molecule./with./hundreds./of./thousands./of./genes
-molecular./structure./allows./DNA./ability./to./store./information
-made./of./up./2./long./chains,./strands./arranged./in./double./helix
-each./made./up./of./4./kinds./of./chemical./building./blocks./nucleotides./-./A-T-C-G
nucleotide./-./correct./answer./ chemical./building./blocks./of./DNA./-./A-T-C-G
