MSN377 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
cardiac biomarkers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅specific to myocardial injury or infarction
serum lipids - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cardiovascular testing measure to assess heart disease risk
MUGA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cardiovascular testing measure to see pumping and EF
TEE - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅invasive cardio diagnostic test. NPO, IV sedation, watch for return of gag
reflex post-op.
mitral valve stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blocks bloodflow and creates pressure difference between
LA and LV.
- LA hypertrophy
- decreased CO/BP
- DOE, diastolic murmur @ apex, hoarseness, hemoptysis, chest pain, stroke
- valve repair
mitral valve regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blood staying in place (dilation and remodeling),
backs up from LV --> LA --> lungs
- pulmonary edema, pink frothy sputum, SOB, decreased CO
- holosystolic murmur, S3 sound, weakness, fatigue, palpitations, orthopnea, dyspnea, PND, peripheral
edema
- Can cause cardiogenic shock
mitral valve prolapse - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅leaflets buckle into LA; usually genetic/benign. EKG to
see.
Can cause mitral regurgitation, IE, SCD, HF, cerebral ischemia.
Most asymptomatic.
10%: systolic murmur, dysrhythmias (PVCs, PSVT, VT), palpitations, lightheaded, syncope, IE, chest pain
, aortic valve stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅stiffened and calcified; LV hypertrophy. Decreased CO,
flow into aorta obstructed.
TRIAD: angina, syncope, dyspnea
+ systolic murmur, can cause pulmonary edema and right HF
- valve replacement
aortic valve regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅valve stays open and blood backs from aorta into LV;
LV hypertrophy.
Acute from trauma, IE or aortic dissection --> code
Chronic from RHD, syphilis, CT disease
-widening pulse pressure, Water-Hammer pulse, DOE/orthopnea/PND
-can cause pulmonary HTN, RV failure, cor pulmonale
tricuspid stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅from RF or IV drugs.
-RA enlargement, increased systemic venous pressure.
pulmonic stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅congenital; RV HTN and hypertrophy.
valve disease dx - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅#1 CT with contrast
hx/physical, echo/TEE, CXR, EKG
valve disease tx - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅prevent recurring IE/RF, treat dysrhythmias, prevent embolism.
-valve repair
-valve replacement
valve repair - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅valvuloplasty; for stenosis (M, T, P) and patients that are old,
comorbid
valve replacement - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅for younger patients with increased life expectancy; artificial
or bovine.
cardiac biomarkers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅specific to myocardial injury or infarction
serum lipids - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cardiovascular testing measure to assess heart disease risk
MUGA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cardiovascular testing measure to see pumping and EF
TEE - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅invasive cardio diagnostic test. NPO, IV sedation, watch for return of gag
reflex post-op.
mitral valve stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blocks bloodflow and creates pressure difference between
LA and LV.
- LA hypertrophy
- decreased CO/BP
- DOE, diastolic murmur @ apex, hoarseness, hemoptysis, chest pain, stroke
- valve repair
mitral valve regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blood staying in place (dilation and remodeling),
backs up from LV --> LA --> lungs
- pulmonary edema, pink frothy sputum, SOB, decreased CO
- holosystolic murmur, S3 sound, weakness, fatigue, palpitations, orthopnea, dyspnea, PND, peripheral
edema
- Can cause cardiogenic shock
mitral valve prolapse - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅leaflets buckle into LA; usually genetic/benign. EKG to
see.
Can cause mitral regurgitation, IE, SCD, HF, cerebral ischemia.
Most asymptomatic.
10%: systolic murmur, dysrhythmias (PVCs, PSVT, VT), palpitations, lightheaded, syncope, IE, chest pain
, aortic valve stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅stiffened and calcified; LV hypertrophy. Decreased CO,
flow into aorta obstructed.
TRIAD: angina, syncope, dyspnea
+ systolic murmur, can cause pulmonary edema and right HF
- valve replacement
aortic valve regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅valve stays open and blood backs from aorta into LV;
LV hypertrophy.
Acute from trauma, IE or aortic dissection --> code
Chronic from RHD, syphilis, CT disease
-widening pulse pressure, Water-Hammer pulse, DOE/orthopnea/PND
-can cause pulmonary HTN, RV failure, cor pulmonale
tricuspid stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅from RF or IV drugs.
-RA enlargement, increased systemic venous pressure.
pulmonic stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅congenital; RV HTN and hypertrophy.
valve disease dx - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅#1 CT with contrast
hx/physical, echo/TEE, CXR, EKG
valve disease tx - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅prevent recurring IE/RF, treat dysrhythmias, prevent embolism.
-valve repair
-valve replacement
valve repair - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅valvuloplasty; for stenosis (M, T, P) and patients that are old,
comorbid
valve replacement - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅for younger patients with increased life expectancy; artificial
or bovine.
