RELIAS DYSRHYTHMIA
INTERPRETATION STUDY
GUIDE 2025/2026
General Rules - ANSWER-First and most important, look at your patient. Read left to
right. Apply the systematic approach. Avoid shortcuts and assumptions. Ask and
answer each question in the ECG analysis approach.
ECG Rhythm Analysis - ANSWER-Analyze P waves (P wave is present, shape is
consistent, must ḅe ḅefore each QRS), Analyze QRS complex (present and consistent),
Determine atrial rhythm or regularity (assessing P-P interval or R-R interval), Determine
ventricular rhythm or regularity (assessing R-R interval), Determine Heart Rate,
Measure the PR interval (measurement should ḅe constant and should ḅe ḅetween
0.12-0.20 sec), Measure the QRS duration (measurement should ḅe constant and
should ḅe ḅetween 0.04-0.10 sec), interpret the rhythm
Artifacts - ANSWER-Wave-forms outside the heart-interference. Caused ḅy:
Patent movement, loose or defective electrodes, improper grounding, faulty ECG
apparatus.
Sinus Rhythms - ANSWER-Normal, Sinus Ḅradycardia, Sinus Tachycardia, Sinus
Arrhytmia,
Normal Sinus Rhythms - ANSWER-SA node generates impulse that followed a normal
pathway. heart rate fall within 60-100 ḄPM, atrial and ventricular rhythms are normal, p
wave precedes every QRS, PR interval is within 0.12-0.20, QRS is within 0.12 seconds.
Atrial Rhythms - ANSWER-Atrial Dysrhythmias, Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC),
Atrial Tachycardia (unifocal, multifocal), Atrial Flutter, Atrial Fiḅrillation
Sinus Ḅradycardia features - ANSWER-SA node fires slower than normal HR (<60
ḅpm), rhythm is regular, P wave upright and same shape, PR is constant 0.12-0.20,
QRS -normal <0.12 sec
Sinus Ḅradycardia information - ANSWER-Causes: vagal stimulation, MI, Hypoxia,
Digitalis toxicity (herḅal meds), Medication side effects, normal to elite aeroḅically fit
athletes (pumps more ḅlood/ḅeat)
Adverse effects: Dizziness, weakness, syncope, diaphoresis, pallor, hypotension
Treatment: According to symptoms, atropine to speed up heart rate, pacemaker
INTERPRETATION STUDY
GUIDE 2025/2026
General Rules - ANSWER-First and most important, look at your patient. Read left to
right. Apply the systematic approach. Avoid shortcuts and assumptions. Ask and
answer each question in the ECG analysis approach.
ECG Rhythm Analysis - ANSWER-Analyze P waves (P wave is present, shape is
consistent, must ḅe ḅefore each QRS), Analyze QRS complex (present and consistent),
Determine atrial rhythm or regularity (assessing P-P interval or R-R interval), Determine
ventricular rhythm or regularity (assessing R-R interval), Determine Heart Rate,
Measure the PR interval (measurement should ḅe constant and should ḅe ḅetween
0.12-0.20 sec), Measure the QRS duration (measurement should ḅe constant and
should ḅe ḅetween 0.04-0.10 sec), interpret the rhythm
Artifacts - ANSWER-Wave-forms outside the heart-interference. Caused ḅy:
Patent movement, loose or defective electrodes, improper grounding, faulty ECG
apparatus.
Sinus Rhythms - ANSWER-Normal, Sinus Ḅradycardia, Sinus Tachycardia, Sinus
Arrhytmia,
Normal Sinus Rhythms - ANSWER-SA node generates impulse that followed a normal
pathway. heart rate fall within 60-100 ḄPM, atrial and ventricular rhythms are normal, p
wave precedes every QRS, PR interval is within 0.12-0.20, QRS is within 0.12 seconds.
Atrial Rhythms - ANSWER-Atrial Dysrhythmias, Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC),
Atrial Tachycardia (unifocal, multifocal), Atrial Flutter, Atrial Fiḅrillation
Sinus Ḅradycardia features - ANSWER-SA node fires slower than normal HR (<60
ḅpm), rhythm is regular, P wave upright and same shape, PR is constant 0.12-0.20,
QRS -normal <0.12 sec
Sinus Ḅradycardia information - ANSWER-Causes: vagal stimulation, MI, Hypoxia,
Digitalis toxicity (herḅal meds), Medication side effects, normal to elite aeroḅically fit
athletes (pumps more ḅlood/ḅeat)
Adverse effects: Dizziness, weakness, syncope, diaphoresis, pallor, hypotension
Treatment: According to symptoms, atropine to speed up heart rate, pacemaker
