FRESENIUS PCT EXAM WITH ALL CORRECT &
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS|2026 LATEST UPDATE|
ALREADY PASSED
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? ✔Correct Answer--(2)
Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? ✔Correct Answer--Removal of waste
products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? ✔Correct Answer--Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important
effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance
Erythropoietin ✔Correct Answer--stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? ✔Correct Answer--The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its
activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping absorb calcium
from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? ✔Correct Answer--No longer produce calcitriol - the active
form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break
down to release the calcium needed for body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o
Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? ✔Correct Answer--Intracellular-inside the cells • Extracellular-outside
the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? ✔Correct Answer--Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia ✔Correct Answer--build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? ✔Correct Answer--A membrane made from protein, with small pores
or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? ✔Correct Answer--Diffusion will
continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's
blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? ✔Correct Answer--Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? ✔Correct Answer--Clotted fibers cause the permeability
of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion does
not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? ✔Correct Answer--The blood
compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-permeable membrane. The blood and
dialysate do not mix together.
What are three types of solutions? ✔Correct Answer--• Hypotonic-containing less particles • Isotonic-
containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
, When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? ✔Correct Answer--Patients develop
mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at
the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy
to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? ✔Correct Answer--50 ml of saline should be drained from
the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? ✔Correct Answer--
Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? ✔Correct Answer--The dialyzer should be
checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original packaging or if out of the package
should have all open ports capped), any structural damage and be the size and brand that was ordered by the
doctor.
What are electrolytes? ✔Correct Answer--Electrolytes are charged particles that can conduct an electrical
current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve function, and maintain the body's
homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: ✔Correct Answer--Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? ✔Correct Answer--During
dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or bloodstream.
What is dialysate? ✔Correct Answer--Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is to remove waste
products from the blood and balance electrolytes
Dialysate is composed of ✔Correct Answer--treated water, acid solution, and bicarbonate solution
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? ✔Correct Answer--sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) calcium (Ca+
+) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? ✔Correct Answer--Conductivity is the ability of a solution to transmit or "conduct" an
electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? ✔Correct Answer--pH, conductivity, monitoring
the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine (bleach) after routine (weekly) machine disinfection
and before the first treatment after the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? ✔Correct Answer--also called sodium modeling is a physician-ordered intervention
to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment. There are three preprogrammed "profiles" that can be
ordered by the physician based on several different comorbidities
Why is dextrose added to the dialysate? ✔Correct Answer--Dextrose, a form of glucose, is added to prevent
hypoglycemia.
What is TMP? ✔Correct Answer--Transmembrane pressure is the pressure difference across the dialyzer
membrane. It reflects the total pressure across the membrane used to achieve the desired fluid loss
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS|2026 LATEST UPDATE|
ALREADY PASSED
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? ✔Correct Answer--(2)
Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? ✔Correct Answer--Removal of waste
products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? ✔Correct Answer--Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important
effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance
Erythropoietin ✔Correct Answer--stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? ✔Correct Answer--The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its
activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping absorb calcium
from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? ✔Correct Answer--No longer produce calcitriol - the active
form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break
down to release the calcium needed for body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o
Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? ✔Correct Answer--Intracellular-inside the cells • Extracellular-outside
the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? ✔Correct Answer--Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia ✔Correct Answer--build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? ✔Correct Answer--A membrane made from protein, with small pores
or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? ✔Correct Answer--Diffusion will
continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's
blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? ✔Correct Answer--Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? ✔Correct Answer--Clotted fibers cause the permeability
of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion does
not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? ✔Correct Answer--The blood
compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-permeable membrane. The blood and
dialysate do not mix together.
What are three types of solutions? ✔Correct Answer--• Hypotonic-containing less particles • Isotonic-
containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
, When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? ✔Correct Answer--Patients develop
mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at
the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy
to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? ✔Correct Answer--50 ml of saline should be drained from
the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? ✔Correct Answer--
Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? ✔Correct Answer--The dialyzer should be
checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original packaging or if out of the package
should have all open ports capped), any structural damage and be the size and brand that was ordered by the
doctor.
What are electrolytes? ✔Correct Answer--Electrolytes are charged particles that can conduct an electrical
current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve function, and maintain the body's
homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: ✔Correct Answer--Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? ✔Correct Answer--During
dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or bloodstream.
What is dialysate? ✔Correct Answer--Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is to remove waste
products from the blood and balance electrolytes
Dialysate is composed of ✔Correct Answer--treated water, acid solution, and bicarbonate solution
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? ✔Correct Answer--sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) calcium (Ca+
+) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? ✔Correct Answer--Conductivity is the ability of a solution to transmit or "conduct" an
electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? ✔Correct Answer--pH, conductivity, monitoring
the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine (bleach) after routine (weekly) machine disinfection
and before the first treatment after the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? ✔Correct Answer--also called sodium modeling is a physician-ordered intervention
to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment. There are three preprogrammed "profiles" that can be
ordered by the physician based on several different comorbidities
Why is dextrose added to the dialysate? ✔Correct Answer--Dextrose, a form of glucose, is added to prevent
hypoglycemia.
What is TMP? ✔Correct Answer--Transmembrane pressure is the pressure difference across the dialyzer
membrane. It reflects the total pressure across the membrane used to achieve the desired fluid loss
