Information Security Fundamentals
Exam 2025 Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
What are the 7 layers of the OSI Model? - ANSWER-1. Physical 2. Data 3.
Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application
Data moves adjacently between all layers of the OSI stack except which layer? -
ANSWER-The physical layer
Which layers of the stack does a router use? - ANSWER-A router uses the bottom
3 layers of the stack 1. Physical 2. Data 3. Network.
What device uses the two lowest layers of the OSI stack? - ANSWER-A switch
uses the two lowest layers of the OSI stack.
What device uses only the lowest layer of the OSI stack? - ANSWER-Hubs use the
lowest layer of the OSI stack.
What does TCP/IP mean? - ANSWER-TCP mean Transmission Control Protocol
/Internet Protocol
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 1
, Why is it impractical to manage point-to-point connections between devices
(except for a trivially small
number of them)? - ANSWER-Thousands of devices can connect to 1
communication device or server. It's easier to manager a smaller number of
communication devices and servers.
At each layer, the unit of data has a different name. Can you name some (especially
at layers 2, 3)? - ANSWER-1. Bit 2. Packet 3. Frame 4. Segment (Layers 5.6.7.) -
Data
What data values are used to identify the source and destination at different layers?
- ANSWER-2. Mac Address 3. IP address 4. Port Number
What is an alternative to client-server? How is it different? - ANSWER-Peer-Peer.
In peer-peer mode the clients are equal i capability and status.
What do security services provide - ANSWER-Authentication, Access Control,
Data Confidentiality, Data Integrity, and nonrepudiation
What is a pervasive mechanism? What is a specific mechanism? - ANSWER-
Pervasive mechanisms are mechanisms that are not specific to any particular OSI
security service or protocol layer such as a security label, event detection, or
security recovery.
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 2
Exam 2025 Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
What are the 7 layers of the OSI Model? - ANSWER-1. Physical 2. Data 3.
Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application
Data moves adjacently between all layers of the OSI stack except which layer? -
ANSWER-The physical layer
Which layers of the stack does a router use? - ANSWER-A router uses the bottom
3 layers of the stack 1. Physical 2. Data 3. Network.
What device uses the two lowest layers of the OSI stack? - ANSWER-A switch
uses the two lowest layers of the OSI stack.
What device uses only the lowest layer of the OSI stack? - ANSWER-Hubs use the
lowest layer of the OSI stack.
What does TCP/IP mean? - ANSWER-TCP mean Transmission Control Protocol
/Internet Protocol
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 1
, Why is it impractical to manage point-to-point connections between devices
(except for a trivially small
number of them)? - ANSWER-Thousands of devices can connect to 1
communication device or server. It's easier to manager a smaller number of
communication devices and servers.
At each layer, the unit of data has a different name. Can you name some (especially
at layers 2, 3)? - ANSWER-1. Bit 2. Packet 3. Frame 4. Segment (Layers 5.6.7.) -
Data
What data values are used to identify the source and destination at different layers?
- ANSWER-2. Mac Address 3. IP address 4. Port Number
What is an alternative to client-server? How is it different? - ANSWER-Peer-Peer.
In peer-peer mode the clients are equal i capability and status.
What do security services provide - ANSWER-Authentication, Access Control,
Data Confidentiality, Data Integrity, and nonrepudiation
What is a pervasive mechanism? What is a specific mechanism? - ANSWER-
Pervasive mechanisms are mechanisms that are not specific to any particular OSI
security service or protocol layer such as a security label, event detection, or
security recovery.
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 2
