NR507/ NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM (LATEST 2025/ 2026 UPDATE)
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT |GRADE A – CHAMBERLAIN
Asthma ANS>> Chronic Disease Due To
Bronchoconstriction And An Excessive
Inflammatory Response In The Bronchioles
What Are 5 S/S Of Asthma Coughing
Wheezing
Shortness Of Breath
Rapid Breathing
Chest Tightness
Pathophysiology Of Asthma (5) -Airway Inflammation, Bronchial Hyper-
Reactivity And Smooth Muscle Spasm
-Excess Mucus Production And Accumulation
-Hypertrophy Of Bronchial Smooth Muscle
-Airflow Obstruction
-Decreased Alveolar Ventilation
Bronchioles Smaller Passageways That Originate From The
Bronchi That Become The Alveoli
3 Layers Of The Bronchioles Innermost Layer
Middle Layer - Lamina Propria
Outermost Layer
Lamina Propria The Middle Layer Of The Bronchioles
Structure Of The Lamina Propria Embedded With Connective Tissue Cells And
Immune Cells
Purpose Of The Lamina Propria White Blood Cells Are Present To Help Protect
The Airways
How Does The Lamina Propria Effect The Lungs In The Wbcs Protective Feature Goes Into
Regards To Asthma Overdrive Causing An Inflammatory Response
That Damages Host Tissue
What Does The Innermost Layer Of The Columnar Epithelial Ells And Mucus Producing
Bronchioles Contain Goblet Cells
What Does The Outermost Layer Of The Smooth Muscle Cells
Bronchioles Contain
What Does The Outermost Layer Of The Control The Airways Ability To Constrict And
Bronchioles Do Dilate
Alveolar Hyperinflation When Air Is Unable To Move Out Of The
Alveolar Like It Should Due To Bronchial Walls
Collapsing Around Possible Mucus Plug Thus
Trapping Air Inside
How Does Hyperinflation Occur? The Ongoing Inflammatory Process Of Asthma
Produces Mucus And Pus Plug That The
Bronchial Walls Collapse Around
,Effect Of Hyperinflation Of The Alveolar Expanded Thorax And Hypercapnia (Retention
Of CO2)
- Respiratory Acidosis
What Are Two Anticholinergic Drugs Used For Tiotropium And Ipratropium
Asthma
What Do Anticholinergics Do In The Lungs? These Drugs Block The Effects Of The
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Increasing Bronchodilation
MOA Of Anticholinergic Drugs For Asthma The Parasympathetic System Is Stimulated By
The Vagal Nerve To Release Acetylcholine Which
Binds To The Cholinergic Receptors Of The
Respiratory Tract To Cause Bronchial
Constriction = Decreased Airflow
- Blocking The Cholinergic Receptors Prevents
Acetylcholine Binding Preventing The Bronchial
Constriction
Bronchitis Inflammation Of The Bronchial Tubes
3 Characteristics Of Bronchitis Bronchial Inflammation
Hypersecretion Of Mucus
Chronic Productive Cough For At Least 3
Consecutive Months For At Least 2 Successive
Years
Perfusion The Supply Of Oxygen To And Removal Of
Wastes From The Cells And Tissues Of The Body
As A Result Of The Flow Of Blood Through The
Capillaries.
Results Of Chronic Bronchitis/ Low Perfusion Cyanosis
Right To Left Shunting
Chronic Hypoxemia
Why Is There Cyanosis With Chronic Bronchitis There Is Hypoxia Due To Unfavorable Conditions
For Gas Exchange
Right To Left Shunting When Blood Passes From The Right Ventricle
Through The Lungs And To The Left Ventricle
Without Perfusion
Causes Of Bronchitis -Long Term Exposure To Environmental Irritants
-Repeated Episodes Of Acute Infection (RSV
Infection In Early Infancy)
-Factors Affecting Gestational Childhood Lung
Development (Preterm Birth)
Pathogenesis Of Bronchitis -Exposure To Airborne Irritants
- Irritant Activates Bronchial Smooth Muscle
Constriction And Mucus Secretion
- Triggers Release Of Inflammatory Mediators
From Immune Cells Located In The Lamina
Propria
Most Common Irritant With Bronchitis Is? Tobacco Product Smoke
, What Does Long Term Exposure To Irritants - Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy
Promote In Bronchitis? (5) - Hypertrophy And Hyperplasia Of Goblet Cells
- Epithelial Cell Metaplasia
- Migration Of More WBC To Site
- Thickening And Rigidity Of Bronchial Basement
Membrane
What Does Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy Do In Causes Increased Bronchoconstriction
Lungs?
Hypertrophy And Hyperplasia Of Goblet Cells Do Promotes Hypersecretion Of Mucus
What In The Bronchials
What Are Characteristics Of Epithelial Cell Squamous Cells Become Nonciliated And Are
Metaplasia? Less Protective; Allow Passage Of Toxins And
Wbcs
What Does The Migration Of Wbcs To The Increases Inflammation Of The Cite And Causes
Bronchials Do? Fibrosis In The Bronchial Wall
How Does The Thickening And Rigidity Of Leads To Further Narrowing Of The Bronchial
Bronchial Basement Membranes Effect The Passageways
Lungs?
What Acid-Base Disorder Is Seen In Chronic Respiratory Acidosis
Bronchitis?
How Does Chronic Bronchitis Lead To Respiratory Hyperinflation Of The Alveoli Causes CO2
Acidosis? Retention
Where Does Air Enter The Body? Naso And Oropharynx (Mouth And Nose)
Where Does Air Go After It Passes Through The It Passes Through The Trachea
Nose And Mouth?
After Air Passes Through The Trachea Where Goes Into The Left Or Right Bronchi
Does It Go?
Where Does Air Flow After The Bronchi? Into The Smaller Bronchioles
Where Does Air Flow After The Bronchioles? Into The Alveoli
Describe How Blood Flows To Become - Deoxygenated Systemic Blood Flows From The
Oxygenated Vena Cava To R Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve Opens To Flow To R Ventricle
-Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Opens And Blood
Flows To The Alveolar Capillaries For Gas
Exchange From The Pulmonary Trunk And L & R
Pulmonary Arteries
- Blood Goes From Alveolar Capillaries To
Pulmonary Veins To Return Oxygenated Blood
To The Left Atrium
- Bicuspid Valve Opens To Allow Blood To Go To
Left Ventricle
- Aortic Semilunar Valve Opens And Blood Goes
To The Aorta
- Aorta Pushes Oxygenated Blood Out To The
Body
What Is The Formula For Cardiac Output CO = HR X SV
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT |GRADE A – CHAMBERLAIN
Asthma ANS>> Chronic Disease Due To
Bronchoconstriction And An Excessive
Inflammatory Response In The Bronchioles
What Are 5 S/S Of Asthma Coughing
Wheezing
Shortness Of Breath
Rapid Breathing
Chest Tightness
Pathophysiology Of Asthma (5) -Airway Inflammation, Bronchial Hyper-
Reactivity And Smooth Muscle Spasm
-Excess Mucus Production And Accumulation
-Hypertrophy Of Bronchial Smooth Muscle
-Airflow Obstruction
-Decreased Alveolar Ventilation
Bronchioles Smaller Passageways That Originate From The
Bronchi That Become The Alveoli
3 Layers Of The Bronchioles Innermost Layer
Middle Layer - Lamina Propria
Outermost Layer
Lamina Propria The Middle Layer Of The Bronchioles
Structure Of The Lamina Propria Embedded With Connective Tissue Cells And
Immune Cells
Purpose Of The Lamina Propria White Blood Cells Are Present To Help Protect
The Airways
How Does The Lamina Propria Effect The Lungs In The Wbcs Protective Feature Goes Into
Regards To Asthma Overdrive Causing An Inflammatory Response
That Damages Host Tissue
What Does The Innermost Layer Of The Columnar Epithelial Ells And Mucus Producing
Bronchioles Contain Goblet Cells
What Does The Outermost Layer Of The Smooth Muscle Cells
Bronchioles Contain
What Does The Outermost Layer Of The Control The Airways Ability To Constrict And
Bronchioles Do Dilate
Alveolar Hyperinflation When Air Is Unable To Move Out Of The
Alveolar Like It Should Due To Bronchial Walls
Collapsing Around Possible Mucus Plug Thus
Trapping Air Inside
How Does Hyperinflation Occur? The Ongoing Inflammatory Process Of Asthma
Produces Mucus And Pus Plug That The
Bronchial Walls Collapse Around
,Effect Of Hyperinflation Of The Alveolar Expanded Thorax And Hypercapnia (Retention
Of CO2)
- Respiratory Acidosis
What Are Two Anticholinergic Drugs Used For Tiotropium And Ipratropium
Asthma
What Do Anticholinergics Do In The Lungs? These Drugs Block The Effects Of The
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Increasing Bronchodilation
MOA Of Anticholinergic Drugs For Asthma The Parasympathetic System Is Stimulated By
The Vagal Nerve To Release Acetylcholine Which
Binds To The Cholinergic Receptors Of The
Respiratory Tract To Cause Bronchial
Constriction = Decreased Airflow
- Blocking The Cholinergic Receptors Prevents
Acetylcholine Binding Preventing The Bronchial
Constriction
Bronchitis Inflammation Of The Bronchial Tubes
3 Characteristics Of Bronchitis Bronchial Inflammation
Hypersecretion Of Mucus
Chronic Productive Cough For At Least 3
Consecutive Months For At Least 2 Successive
Years
Perfusion The Supply Of Oxygen To And Removal Of
Wastes From The Cells And Tissues Of The Body
As A Result Of The Flow Of Blood Through The
Capillaries.
Results Of Chronic Bronchitis/ Low Perfusion Cyanosis
Right To Left Shunting
Chronic Hypoxemia
Why Is There Cyanosis With Chronic Bronchitis There Is Hypoxia Due To Unfavorable Conditions
For Gas Exchange
Right To Left Shunting When Blood Passes From The Right Ventricle
Through The Lungs And To The Left Ventricle
Without Perfusion
Causes Of Bronchitis -Long Term Exposure To Environmental Irritants
-Repeated Episodes Of Acute Infection (RSV
Infection In Early Infancy)
-Factors Affecting Gestational Childhood Lung
Development (Preterm Birth)
Pathogenesis Of Bronchitis -Exposure To Airborne Irritants
- Irritant Activates Bronchial Smooth Muscle
Constriction And Mucus Secretion
- Triggers Release Of Inflammatory Mediators
From Immune Cells Located In The Lamina
Propria
Most Common Irritant With Bronchitis Is? Tobacco Product Smoke
, What Does Long Term Exposure To Irritants - Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy
Promote In Bronchitis? (5) - Hypertrophy And Hyperplasia Of Goblet Cells
- Epithelial Cell Metaplasia
- Migration Of More WBC To Site
- Thickening And Rigidity Of Bronchial Basement
Membrane
What Does Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy Do In Causes Increased Bronchoconstriction
Lungs?
Hypertrophy And Hyperplasia Of Goblet Cells Do Promotes Hypersecretion Of Mucus
What In The Bronchials
What Are Characteristics Of Epithelial Cell Squamous Cells Become Nonciliated And Are
Metaplasia? Less Protective; Allow Passage Of Toxins And
Wbcs
What Does The Migration Of Wbcs To The Increases Inflammation Of The Cite And Causes
Bronchials Do? Fibrosis In The Bronchial Wall
How Does The Thickening And Rigidity Of Leads To Further Narrowing Of The Bronchial
Bronchial Basement Membranes Effect The Passageways
Lungs?
What Acid-Base Disorder Is Seen In Chronic Respiratory Acidosis
Bronchitis?
How Does Chronic Bronchitis Lead To Respiratory Hyperinflation Of The Alveoli Causes CO2
Acidosis? Retention
Where Does Air Enter The Body? Naso And Oropharynx (Mouth And Nose)
Where Does Air Go After It Passes Through The It Passes Through The Trachea
Nose And Mouth?
After Air Passes Through The Trachea Where Goes Into The Left Or Right Bronchi
Does It Go?
Where Does Air Flow After The Bronchi? Into The Smaller Bronchioles
Where Does Air Flow After The Bronchioles? Into The Alveoli
Describe How Blood Flows To Become - Deoxygenated Systemic Blood Flows From The
Oxygenated Vena Cava To R Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve Opens To Flow To R Ventricle
-Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Opens And Blood
Flows To The Alveolar Capillaries For Gas
Exchange From The Pulmonary Trunk And L & R
Pulmonary Arteries
- Blood Goes From Alveolar Capillaries To
Pulmonary Veins To Return Oxygenated Blood
To The Left Atrium
- Bicuspid Valve Opens To Allow Blood To Go To
Left Ventricle
- Aortic Semilunar Valve Opens And Blood Goes
To The Aorta
- Aorta Pushes Oxygenated Blood Out To The
Body
What Is The Formula For Cardiac Output CO = HR X SV
