BIO 189 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. NAME 7 PROPERTIES COMMON IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS -
ANSWER ✓ order, growth/development, regulation, reproduction, response
to the environment, energy processing, and evolution
2. WHAT IS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND NATURAL SELECTION -
ANSWER ✓ genetic variation, environment
3. IDENTIFY THE 4 MAJOR ELEMENTS FOUND IN LIVING
ORGANISMS - ANSWER ✓ carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
4. LIST THE VARIOUS CONCEPTS THAT DRIVE EVOLUTION OF
SPECIES - ANSWER ✓ natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene
flow
5. ATOMIC NUMBER VS MASS NUMBER - ANSWER ✓ atomic number
(number of protons)
6. atomic mass (number of protons n neutrons)
7. IONIC BONDS - ANSWER ✓ bonds formed between ions with opposite
charges
8. NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS - ANSWER ✓ bond where 2 atoms
share electrons equally
9. POLAR COVALENT BONDS - ANSWER ✓ unequal sharing of electrons
,10.HYDROGEN BONDS - ANSWER ✓ weak intermolecular attractions
between a hydrogen atom and and an electronegative atom
11.ISOTOPE VS RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE - ANSWER ✓ isotope (same
number of protons but different number of neutrons)
12.radioactive (unstable and emits radiation as it decays to a more stable form)
13.NAME INTRAMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS - ANSWER ✓ holds
atoms together
- covalent, ionic, and metallic
14.NAME INTERMOLECULAR BONDS - ANSWER ✓ - dipole dipole,
hydrogen bonds, london dispersion forces
15.WHAT HOLDS A SINGLE WATER MOLECULE TOGETHER -
ANSWER ✓ 2 polar covalent bonds
16.Describe and explain homologous chromosomes - ANSWER ✓ Humans
have 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 total 22 of theses are autosomes non sex
chromosomes and one pair is sex chromosomes xx in females xy in males.
17.Fatal genetic disorder caused by a deletion - ANSWER ✓
18.What is a primer's job? - ANSWER ✓ A primer is a short strand of nucleic
acid that serves as the starting point for DNA synthesis
19.Describe DNA polymerase - ANSWER ✓ in charge of replicating the
nitrogenous bases; is good for the 5'-3' strand, not the 3'-5', that is the
lagging strand
20.Describe RNA polymerase - ANSWER ✓ RNA polymerase uses a single
strand of the double-stranded DNA as a template to make an RNA polymer
that is complimentary in sequence
21.Describe ligase - ANSWER ✓ Connects the Okazaki fragments on the
lagging strand during DNA replication
,22.Describe helicase - ANSWER ✓ unwinds parental double helix at
replication forks
23.Describe the structure of chromosome - ANSWER ✓ thread-like, rod shaped
structures made up of DNA & protein
24.What are the different types of bonds found in DNA between the subunit of
DNA? - ANSWER ✓ Hydrogen bonds
25.Explain homozygous - ANSWER ✓ Homozygous - both alleles are the
same.
26.Explain incomplete codominance - ANSWER ✓ the heterozygous shows a
blended/intermediate trait
27.Explain codominance - ANSWER ✓ both alleles are expressed in a
heterozygote
28.Where does glycolysis take place? - ANSWER ✓ cytoplasm
29.What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? - ANSWER ✓ Reactants
= ATP energy and glucose
Products = 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid
30.Where does Acetyl CoA formation occur? - ANSWER ✓ mitochondria
31.What are the reactants and products of Acetyl CoA? - ANSWER ✓
Reactants: Two pyruvate
Products: Two Acetyl CoA
32.Where does the citric acid cycle occur? - ANSWER ✓ mitochondrial matrix
33.What are the reactants and products of the citric acid cycle? - ANSWER ✓
Reactants: Acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate
Products: Citric acid
34.Where does the electron transport chain occur? - ANSWER ✓ mitochondria
, 35.What are the reactants and products of the electron transfer chain? -
ANSWER ✓ Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP
Products: NAD+, FAD, ATP, H20
36.Describe the pathway of H+ ions and electrons during oxidative
phosphorylation - ANSWER ✓ H+ ions in the matrix space pass through the
inner mitochondrial space through membrane protein called ATP synthase
37.What powers ATP synthase? - ANSWER ✓ proton gradient
38.Describe the types of fermentation and their products, how much ATP
yielded? - ANSWER ✓ Alcoholic: pyruvic acid, NADH/ Alcohol, CO2
NAD+
Lactic: pyruvic acid, NADH/ lactic acid, NAD+
39.What is erwin's chargaffs rules for base pairing? How do we calculate DNA
nucleotide composition? - ANSWER ✓ always equality between A and T/ C
and G
A=T/G=C
40.What was rosalind franklin's contribution to DNA structure ? - ANSWER ✓
x ray crystallography
41.What did hershey and chase contribute to the discovery of DNA? -
ANSWER ✓ DNA of a virus needs to enter bacterium to infect it
42.What are sister chromatids? How are they organized within the
chromosome? - ANSWER ✓ identical copies (chromatids) from by dna
replication
held at the centromere
43.what is a centromere? - ANSWER ✓ point at the chromosome by which it
attaches to spindle fiber
44.what are histones? - ANSWER ✓ protein, provides structural support
45.What makes nucleotides? What makes each nucleotide different? -
ANSWER ✓ DNA: deoxyribose, phosphate base, nitrogen base
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. NAME 7 PROPERTIES COMMON IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS -
ANSWER ✓ order, growth/development, regulation, reproduction, response
to the environment, energy processing, and evolution
2. WHAT IS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND NATURAL SELECTION -
ANSWER ✓ genetic variation, environment
3. IDENTIFY THE 4 MAJOR ELEMENTS FOUND IN LIVING
ORGANISMS - ANSWER ✓ carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
4. LIST THE VARIOUS CONCEPTS THAT DRIVE EVOLUTION OF
SPECIES - ANSWER ✓ natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene
flow
5. ATOMIC NUMBER VS MASS NUMBER - ANSWER ✓ atomic number
(number of protons)
6. atomic mass (number of protons n neutrons)
7. IONIC BONDS - ANSWER ✓ bonds formed between ions with opposite
charges
8. NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS - ANSWER ✓ bond where 2 atoms
share electrons equally
9. POLAR COVALENT BONDS - ANSWER ✓ unequal sharing of electrons
,10.HYDROGEN BONDS - ANSWER ✓ weak intermolecular attractions
between a hydrogen atom and and an electronegative atom
11.ISOTOPE VS RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE - ANSWER ✓ isotope (same
number of protons but different number of neutrons)
12.radioactive (unstable and emits radiation as it decays to a more stable form)
13.NAME INTRAMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS - ANSWER ✓ holds
atoms together
- covalent, ionic, and metallic
14.NAME INTERMOLECULAR BONDS - ANSWER ✓ - dipole dipole,
hydrogen bonds, london dispersion forces
15.WHAT HOLDS A SINGLE WATER MOLECULE TOGETHER -
ANSWER ✓ 2 polar covalent bonds
16.Describe and explain homologous chromosomes - ANSWER ✓ Humans
have 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 total 22 of theses are autosomes non sex
chromosomes and one pair is sex chromosomes xx in females xy in males.
17.Fatal genetic disorder caused by a deletion - ANSWER ✓
18.What is a primer's job? - ANSWER ✓ A primer is a short strand of nucleic
acid that serves as the starting point for DNA synthesis
19.Describe DNA polymerase - ANSWER ✓ in charge of replicating the
nitrogenous bases; is good for the 5'-3' strand, not the 3'-5', that is the
lagging strand
20.Describe RNA polymerase - ANSWER ✓ RNA polymerase uses a single
strand of the double-stranded DNA as a template to make an RNA polymer
that is complimentary in sequence
21.Describe ligase - ANSWER ✓ Connects the Okazaki fragments on the
lagging strand during DNA replication
,22.Describe helicase - ANSWER ✓ unwinds parental double helix at
replication forks
23.Describe the structure of chromosome - ANSWER ✓ thread-like, rod shaped
structures made up of DNA & protein
24.What are the different types of bonds found in DNA between the subunit of
DNA? - ANSWER ✓ Hydrogen bonds
25.Explain homozygous - ANSWER ✓ Homozygous - both alleles are the
same.
26.Explain incomplete codominance - ANSWER ✓ the heterozygous shows a
blended/intermediate trait
27.Explain codominance - ANSWER ✓ both alleles are expressed in a
heterozygote
28.Where does glycolysis take place? - ANSWER ✓ cytoplasm
29.What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? - ANSWER ✓ Reactants
= ATP energy and glucose
Products = 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid
30.Where does Acetyl CoA formation occur? - ANSWER ✓ mitochondria
31.What are the reactants and products of Acetyl CoA? - ANSWER ✓
Reactants: Two pyruvate
Products: Two Acetyl CoA
32.Where does the citric acid cycle occur? - ANSWER ✓ mitochondrial matrix
33.What are the reactants and products of the citric acid cycle? - ANSWER ✓
Reactants: Acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate
Products: Citric acid
34.Where does the electron transport chain occur? - ANSWER ✓ mitochondria
, 35.What are the reactants and products of the electron transfer chain? -
ANSWER ✓ Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP
Products: NAD+, FAD, ATP, H20
36.Describe the pathway of H+ ions and electrons during oxidative
phosphorylation - ANSWER ✓ H+ ions in the matrix space pass through the
inner mitochondrial space through membrane protein called ATP synthase
37.What powers ATP synthase? - ANSWER ✓ proton gradient
38.Describe the types of fermentation and their products, how much ATP
yielded? - ANSWER ✓ Alcoholic: pyruvic acid, NADH/ Alcohol, CO2
NAD+
Lactic: pyruvic acid, NADH/ lactic acid, NAD+
39.What is erwin's chargaffs rules for base pairing? How do we calculate DNA
nucleotide composition? - ANSWER ✓ always equality between A and T/ C
and G
A=T/G=C
40.What was rosalind franklin's contribution to DNA structure ? - ANSWER ✓
x ray crystallography
41.What did hershey and chase contribute to the discovery of DNA? -
ANSWER ✓ DNA of a virus needs to enter bacterium to infect it
42.What are sister chromatids? How are they organized within the
chromosome? - ANSWER ✓ identical copies (chromatids) from by dna
replication
held at the centromere
43.what is a centromere? - ANSWER ✓ point at the chromosome by which it
attaches to spindle fiber
44.what are histones? - ANSWER ✓ protein, provides structural support
45.What makes nucleotides? What makes each nucleotide different? -
ANSWER ✓ DNA: deoxyribose, phosphate base, nitrogen base
