BIO 189 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Functions of Plasma Membrane - ANSWER ✓ 1) Selective barrier that
allowscertain things (like oxygen,nutrients, and waste) to pass.
2) Separates the cell from itsenvironment.
3) Serves as cellular interfacewith its environment.
2. phospholipid - ANSWER ✓ hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
3. Embedded in the lipid bilayer are - ANSWER ✓ cholesterol, integral
proteins
4. Attached to the lipid bilayer are - ANSWER ✓ peripheral proteins,
glycolipids, carbs, glycoproteins
5. Membrane fluidity depends on - ANSWER ✓ temperature, unsaturated or
saturated hydrocarbon tails, presence of cholesterol
6. transmembrane protein - ANSWER ✓ integral protein that spans entire
membrane
7. functions of membrane proteins - ANSWER ✓ 1. transport
2. enzymatic activity
3. signal transduction
4. cell cell recognition
5. intercellular joining
,8. tonicity - ANSWER ✓ he ability of asurrounding solution tocause a cell to
gain or losewater.
9. isotonic - ANSWER ✓ Solute concentration is the same as that inside the
cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane.
10.hypertonic - ANSWER ✓ Solute concentration is greater than that inside the
cell; cell loses water.
11.hypotonic - ANSWER ✓ Solute concentration is less than that inside the
cell; cell gains water.
12.osmoregulation - ANSWER ✓ process of controlling solute
concentrationsand water balance within the cell
13.unsaturated membrane fluidity - ANSWER ✓ fluid
14.saturated membrane fluidity - ANSWER ✓ rigid
15.what kind of molecules can diffuse directly through the membrane -
ANSWER ✓ small hydrophobic
16.aquaporin - ANSWER ✓ specialized transmembrane protein for water
17.proteins in passive transport - ANSWER ✓ 1. channel proteins
2. carrier proteins
18.Primary active transport - ANSWER ✓ Active transport of molecules (or
ions)using energy from ATP directly.
19.Secondary active transport - ANSWER ✓ Active transport of molecules (or
ions)using energy other than ATP. Mostcommonly, the
concentrationgradient of a different molecule
20.Endocytosis - ANSWER ✓ cell bringssubstances inside via vesicles
21.Types of Endocytosis - ANSWER ✓ 1. Phagocytosis - (phago "eat")
2. Pinocytosis - (pino "drink")
, 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
22.Cell Theory - ANSWER ✓ All cells come from other cells
23.Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✓ G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase (Interphase),
Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; Cytokinesis
24.Interphase: G1 phase - ANSWER ✓ normal cell functions
25.Interphase: S phase - ANSWER ✓ DNA Replication (synthesis)
26.Interphase: G2 phase - ANSWER ✓ Normal cell function, prepare for
mitosis, centrosome duplicated
27.How is Cytokinesis different between plant and animal cells? - ANSWER ✓
Animal cells divide normally, plant cells have a cell wall so creates a split
down the middle.
28.Chemotherapy and the Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✓ Damages DNA strands to
inhibit cell replication
29.Radiation and the Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✓ Targets S Phase to inhibit DNA
synthesis
30.Discovery of Taxol - ANSWER ✓ Discovered in the bark of a Pacific Yew
Tree
31.Proto-oncogenes - ANSWER ✓ signal cells to progress through the cell
cycle at the appropriate time. mutations cause (oncogenes)
32.Tumor Suppressor Genes - ANSWER ✓ signal cells to pause the cell cycle
to fix mistakes
33.What causes apoptosis? - ANSWER ✓ When tumor suppressor genes mutate
and produce proteins that suppress the cell cycle when there is DNA
damage.
, 34.Normal BRCA1 gene - ANSWER ✓ when working properly, prevent
tumors from forming and producing proteins that help maintain DNA
function.
35.Mutated BRCA1 gene - ANSWER ✓ does not work properly, and DNA
damage may not be prepared.
36.Germ-Line Mutation - ANSWER ✓ occurs in gametes and is passed on to
offspring, in every cell of the body
37.Somatic Mutation - ANSWER ✓ occurs in a somatic cell, is not passed on to
offspring, only the daughter cells of mutated cells
38.3 Ways DNA Mutations Occur - ANSWER ✓ Chromosomal,
Insertion/deletion, and Substitution
39.Chromosomal Mutation - ANSWER ✓ involve errors that move entire
sections of DNA molecule, can result in changes of number of chromosomes
and their structure
40.Insertion/Deletion Mutation - ANSWER ✓ Part of DNA is deleted or
inserted. Can alter a gene so its message is no longer correctly put through.
41.Substitution Mutation - ANSWER ✓ Where a base (like C or T) is replaced
with another. This can have no effect, can change the amino acid in a
protein, or interfere with protein construction
42.Why do people with "inherited" cancer develop it at a young age? -
ANSWER ✓ They inherit predispositions to the disease in the form of
specific genetic mutations that're present in all body cells and can be the first
mutation that leads to cancer.
43.Metastasis - ANSWER ✓ The spread of cancer from one organ to another
44.What cells undergo meiosis? - ANSWER ✓ Gametes (pass genetic info to
the next generation)
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Functions of Plasma Membrane - ANSWER ✓ 1) Selective barrier that
allowscertain things (like oxygen,nutrients, and waste) to pass.
2) Separates the cell from itsenvironment.
3) Serves as cellular interfacewith its environment.
2. phospholipid - ANSWER ✓ hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
3. Embedded in the lipid bilayer are - ANSWER ✓ cholesterol, integral
proteins
4. Attached to the lipid bilayer are - ANSWER ✓ peripheral proteins,
glycolipids, carbs, glycoproteins
5. Membrane fluidity depends on - ANSWER ✓ temperature, unsaturated or
saturated hydrocarbon tails, presence of cholesterol
6. transmembrane protein - ANSWER ✓ integral protein that spans entire
membrane
7. functions of membrane proteins - ANSWER ✓ 1. transport
2. enzymatic activity
3. signal transduction
4. cell cell recognition
5. intercellular joining
,8. tonicity - ANSWER ✓ he ability of asurrounding solution tocause a cell to
gain or losewater.
9. isotonic - ANSWER ✓ Solute concentration is the same as that inside the
cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane.
10.hypertonic - ANSWER ✓ Solute concentration is greater than that inside the
cell; cell loses water.
11.hypotonic - ANSWER ✓ Solute concentration is less than that inside the
cell; cell gains water.
12.osmoregulation - ANSWER ✓ process of controlling solute
concentrationsand water balance within the cell
13.unsaturated membrane fluidity - ANSWER ✓ fluid
14.saturated membrane fluidity - ANSWER ✓ rigid
15.what kind of molecules can diffuse directly through the membrane -
ANSWER ✓ small hydrophobic
16.aquaporin - ANSWER ✓ specialized transmembrane protein for water
17.proteins in passive transport - ANSWER ✓ 1. channel proteins
2. carrier proteins
18.Primary active transport - ANSWER ✓ Active transport of molecules (or
ions)using energy from ATP directly.
19.Secondary active transport - ANSWER ✓ Active transport of molecules (or
ions)using energy other than ATP. Mostcommonly, the
concentrationgradient of a different molecule
20.Endocytosis - ANSWER ✓ cell bringssubstances inside via vesicles
21.Types of Endocytosis - ANSWER ✓ 1. Phagocytosis - (phago "eat")
2. Pinocytosis - (pino "drink")
, 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
22.Cell Theory - ANSWER ✓ All cells come from other cells
23.Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✓ G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase (Interphase),
Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; Cytokinesis
24.Interphase: G1 phase - ANSWER ✓ normal cell functions
25.Interphase: S phase - ANSWER ✓ DNA Replication (synthesis)
26.Interphase: G2 phase - ANSWER ✓ Normal cell function, prepare for
mitosis, centrosome duplicated
27.How is Cytokinesis different between plant and animal cells? - ANSWER ✓
Animal cells divide normally, plant cells have a cell wall so creates a split
down the middle.
28.Chemotherapy and the Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✓ Damages DNA strands to
inhibit cell replication
29.Radiation and the Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✓ Targets S Phase to inhibit DNA
synthesis
30.Discovery of Taxol - ANSWER ✓ Discovered in the bark of a Pacific Yew
Tree
31.Proto-oncogenes - ANSWER ✓ signal cells to progress through the cell
cycle at the appropriate time. mutations cause (oncogenes)
32.Tumor Suppressor Genes - ANSWER ✓ signal cells to pause the cell cycle
to fix mistakes
33.What causes apoptosis? - ANSWER ✓ When tumor suppressor genes mutate
and produce proteins that suppress the cell cycle when there is DNA
damage.
, 34.Normal BRCA1 gene - ANSWER ✓ when working properly, prevent
tumors from forming and producing proteins that help maintain DNA
function.
35.Mutated BRCA1 gene - ANSWER ✓ does not work properly, and DNA
damage may not be prepared.
36.Germ-Line Mutation - ANSWER ✓ occurs in gametes and is passed on to
offspring, in every cell of the body
37.Somatic Mutation - ANSWER ✓ occurs in a somatic cell, is not passed on to
offspring, only the daughter cells of mutated cells
38.3 Ways DNA Mutations Occur - ANSWER ✓ Chromosomal,
Insertion/deletion, and Substitution
39.Chromosomal Mutation - ANSWER ✓ involve errors that move entire
sections of DNA molecule, can result in changes of number of chromosomes
and their structure
40.Insertion/Deletion Mutation - ANSWER ✓ Part of DNA is deleted or
inserted. Can alter a gene so its message is no longer correctly put through.
41.Substitution Mutation - ANSWER ✓ Where a base (like C or T) is replaced
with another. This can have no effect, can change the amino acid in a
protein, or interfere with protein construction
42.Why do people with "inherited" cancer develop it at a young age? -
ANSWER ✓ They inherit predispositions to the disease in the form of
specific genetic mutations that're present in all body cells and can be the first
mutation that leads to cancer.
43.Metastasis - ANSWER ✓ The spread of cancer from one organ to another
44.What cells undergo meiosis? - ANSWER ✓ Gametes (pass genetic info to
the next generation)
