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BIOD331 Pathophysiology Final Exam
A patient is experiencing a severe reduction in GFR, and their
GFR is 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2. What stage of kidney disease are
they in? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓4
A patient is experiencing kidney damage with a mild decrease in
GFR, and their GFR is 60-89 mL/min/1.73m². What stage of kidney
disease are they in? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓2
A patient is said to be in stage 2 kidney disease. What would you
expect their GFR to be? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓70 mL/min/1.73m2
A patient is said to be in stage 4 kidney disease. What would you
expect their GFR to be? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓25 mL/min/1.73m2
A patient presents in the emergency department with severe
dehydration secondary to vomiting. The following are the results
of their blood work: pH = 8.2, PCO2 = 39 mm, and HCO-3 = 33
mEq/L. Based upon these results, what type of acid-base
disorder are they experiencing? Is compensation occurring?
,2|Page
Describe a treatment intervention for this disorder. Normal
values are as follows: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3- =
22-26 mEq/L. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓The patient is in metabolic
alkalosis. The respiratory system is not compensating as PCO2
compensation falls within normal limits. Fluids are replaced with
normal saline solution.
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints
of sharp pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant
of the abdomen. Their skin is clammy, and they have been
experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long. They have a
history of UTIS. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
A CT scan reveals a renal calculi that is 7 mm in diameter. What
is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your
reasoning for this treatment plan. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓It must be
removed through ureteroscopic removal or extracorporeal
shockwave lithotripsy, as it is greater than 5 mm in diameter.
The patient should be placed on antibiotics to treat the UTI, as
well as medication for pain management.
____ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the
pulmonary capillaries. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Diffusion
______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs.
- ...ANSWER✓✓✓Ventilation
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1. __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach
the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that
accompany cancer is known as ______. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓1.
Chemotherapy
2. Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of
vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His stool is
hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar
symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. What
is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your
reasoning. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Fluid and electrolyte replacement to
prevent dehydration. Most acute episodes of diarrhea will
subside on their own and require no treatment.
(An answer of dehydration prevention should be awarded 3.5
points. Full credit should be awarded if preventative measures
are listed and the fact that this typically resolves on its own.)
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of
vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His stool is
hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar
symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. Would
you categorize this condition as inflammatory or non-
inflammatory? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Non-inflammatory
, 4|Page
A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is
brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and struggling
to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory
muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse
is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant
on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to
worsen after he developed a "cold," and now he doesn't get relief
from his albuterol inhaler.
Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs
and symptoms. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Recruitment of inflammatory
cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they
directly attack the invading organisms and secrete inflammatory
chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway
inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion,
constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to
stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may
discuss on a cellular level as well:
Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils,
lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes
airway inflammation, which further increases
hyperresponsiveess and decreased airflow. Mast cells release
histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major
bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast
cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more
airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and
subsequent swelling leads to further airway obstruction.
BIOD331 Pathophysiology Final Exam
A patient is experiencing a severe reduction in GFR, and their
GFR is 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2. What stage of kidney disease are
they in? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓4
A patient is experiencing kidney damage with a mild decrease in
GFR, and their GFR is 60-89 mL/min/1.73m². What stage of kidney
disease are they in? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓2
A patient is said to be in stage 2 kidney disease. What would you
expect their GFR to be? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓70 mL/min/1.73m2
A patient is said to be in stage 4 kidney disease. What would you
expect their GFR to be? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓25 mL/min/1.73m2
A patient presents in the emergency department with severe
dehydration secondary to vomiting. The following are the results
of their blood work: pH = 8.2, PCO2 = 39 mm, and HCO-3 = 33
mEq/L. Based upon these results, what type of acid-base
disorder are they experiencing? Is compensation occurring?
,2|Page
Describe a treatment intervention for this disorder. Normal
values are as follows: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3- =
22-26 mEq/L. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓The patient is in metabolic
alkalosis. The respiratory system is not compensating as PCO2
compensation falls within normal limits. Fluids are replaced with
normal saline solution.
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints
of sharp pain that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant
of the abdomen. Their skin is clammy, and they have been
experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long. They have a
history of UTIS. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
A CT scan reveals a renal calculi that is 7 mm in diameter. What
is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your
reasoning for this treatment plan. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓It must be
removed through ureteroscopic removal or extracorporeal
shockwave lithotripsy, as it is greater than 5 mm in diameter.
The patient should be placed on antibiotics to treat the UTI, as
well as medication for pain management.
____ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the
pulmonary capillaries. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Diffusion
______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs.
- ...ANSWER✓✓✓Ventilation
,3|Page
1. __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach
the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that
accompany cancer is known as ______. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓1.
Chemotherapy
2. Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of
vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His stool is
hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar
symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. What
is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your
reasoning. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Fluid and electrolyte replacement to
prevent dehydration. Most acute episodes of diarrhea will
subside on their own and require no treatment.
(An answer of dehydration prevention should be awarded 3.5
points. Full credit should be awarded if preventative measures
are listed and the fact that this typically resolves on its own.)
6 y/o Tommy is brought in by his mom today for complaints of
vomiting and diarrhea. He does not have a fever. His stool is
hemoccult negative (no blood). His younger sibling has similar
symptoms. You diagnose Tommy with viral gastroenteritis. Would
you categorize this condition as inflammatory or non-
inflammatory? - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Non-inflammatory
, 4|Page
A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is
brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and struggling
to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory
muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse
is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant
on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to
worsen after he developed a "cold," and now he doesn't get relief
from his albuterol inhaler.
Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs
and symptoms. - ...ANSWER✓✓✓Recruitment of inflammatory
cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they
directly attack the invading organisms and secrete inflammatory
chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway
inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion,
constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to
stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may
discuss on a cellular level as well:
Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils,
lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes
airway inflammation, which further increases
hyperresponsiveess and decreased airflow. Mast cells release
histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major
bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast
cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more
airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and
subsequent swelling leads to further airway obstruction.
