NURS-3110: Exam 1 ./ ./ ./
Iatrogenic./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Something./ caused./ by./ healthcare
Nosocomial./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔a./ consequence./ of./ being./ in./ a./ hospital./ environment
Prognosis./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔a./ prediction./ of./ the./ probable./ outcome./ of./ a./ disease./
based./ on./ the./ condition./ of./ the./ person./ and./ the./ usual./ course./ a./ disease./ may./ follow;./ the./
natural./ history./ of./ the./ disease
Etiology./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔factors./ involved./ in./ the./ development./ of./ a./ disease,./ causative
Pathogenesis./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔development./ or./ evolution./ of./ disease./ (pattern./ of./
changes)./ and./ onset./ is./ either./ acute./ or./ insidious
Pathophysiology./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Cellular./ and./ organ./ changes./ that./ occur./ with./
disease./ and./ the./ effects./ of./ these./ changes
Necrosis./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔an./ irreversible./ process./ whereby./ the./ cell./ undergoes./ a./
series./ of./ changes,./ including./ membrane./ disintegration,./ chromatin./ fragmentation,./ lysosomal./
activation,./ and./ lysis
Cancer./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔abnormal./ growth./ of./ cells../ Can./ also./ be./ termed./ necrosis../
Can./ be./ either./ malignant./ or./ benign
Benign./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔cells./ resemble./ normal./ cells./ and./ do./ not./ spread;./ tissue./ is./
well-./ delineated./ and./ easily./ removed
,Malignant./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔cells./ are./ bizarre-looking./ and./ spread./ to./ other./ sites,./ highly./
invasive./ into./ tissue,./ and./ not./ well-./ delineated
What./ is./ a./ clinical./ manifestation?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔evidence./ of./ disease../ Signs./ and./
symptoms
What./ are./ signs?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔measurable,./ observable,./ objective./ (something./ that./
can./ be./ seen)
Examples./ of./ signs./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔hypothermia,./ vital./ signs,./ or./ nurse./ notices./ a./ rash
What./ are./ symptoms?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔subjective,./ feelings./ (something./ the./ patient./
feels)
Example./ of./ a./ symptom?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Headache,./ nausea
Difference./ between./ localized./ and./ systemic./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Systemic:./ affecting./ the./
whole./ body
Local:./ affects./ just./ one./ organ./ system./ or./ one./ area./ in./ the./ body
What./ are./ the./ different./ types./ of./ cell./ adaption?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔hypertrophy,./
hyperplasia,./ atrophy,./ dysplasia,./ metaplasia,./ neoplasia,./ apoptosis,./ infarction./ and./ necrosis
What./ is./ hypertrophy?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Increased./ cell./ size../ Can./ be./ either./
physiological./ or./ pathological.
Example./ of./ physiological./ hypertrophy./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔exercise,./ which./ increases./
muscle./ mass
, Example./ of./ pathological./ hypertrophy./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔when./ there./ is./ an./ increase./ in./
cellular./ size./ without./ an./ increase./ in./ the./ supportive./ structures./ necessary./ for./ the./ enlarged./
cells./ increased./ metabolic./ needs../
This./ can./ occur./ in./ a./ disease./ process./ or./ may./ be./ compensatory./ maladaptation./ to./
changed./ environment./ conditions.
What./ is./ hyperplasia?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Increase./ in./ the./ number./ of./ cells./ in./ a./ tissue./
or./ organ./ (increases./ tissue./ mass)
What./ types./ of./ cells./ can./ hyperplasia./ occur./ in?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔It./ only./ occurs./ in./ the./
tissues./ with./ cells./ that./ are./ capable./ of./ mitotic./ division,./ such./ as./ the./ epithelium./ and./
glandular./ tissue
What./ is./ hyperplasia./ stimulated./ by?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Stimulated./ by./ hormonal./ or./
compensatory./ cellular./ mechanisms
Example./ of./ hyperplasia./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Occurs./ in./ pregnancy,./ when./ estrogen./
stimulation./ results./ in./ mitotic./ division./ of./ breast./ gland./ cells
What./ is./ atrophy?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Decreased./ cell./ size./ in./ response./ to./ changes./ in./
metabolic./ requirements./ or./ their./ environment
Examples./ of./ atrophic./ situations?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔paralysis,./ which./ causes./ a./ lack./ of./
muscle./ contraction,./ loss./ of./ nerve./ stimulation,./ and./ decreased./ workload./ of./ muscles.
Other./ causes./ of./ atrophy?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔disuse./ or./ diminished./ workload,./ loss./ of./
hormonal./ stimulation,./ inadequate./ nutrition,./ decreased./ blood./ flow,./ aging.
Iatrogenic./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Something./ caused./ by./ healthcare
Nosocomial./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔a./ consequence./ of./ being./ in./ a./ hospital./ environment
Prognosis./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔a./ prediction./ of./ the./ probable./ outcome./ of./ a./ disease./
based./ on./ the./ condition./ of./ the./ person./ and./ the./ usual./ course./ a./ disease./ may./ follow;./ the./
natural./ history./ of./ the./ disease
Etiology./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔factors./ involved./ in./ the./ development./ of./ a./ disease,./ causative
Pathogenesis./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔development./ or./ evolution./ of./ disease./ (pattern./ of./
changes)./ and./ onset./ is./ either./ acute./ or./ insidious
Pathophysiology./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Cellular./ and./ organ./ changes./ that./ occur./ with./
disease./ and./ the./ effects./ of./ these./ changes
Necrosis./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔an./ irreversible./ process./ whereby./ the./ cell./ undergoes./ a./
series./ of./ changes,./ including./ membrane./ disintegration,./ chromatin./ fragmentation,./ lysosomal./
activation,./ and./ lysis
Cancer./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔abnormal./ growth./ of./ cells../ Can./ also./ be./ termed./ necrosis../
Can./ be./ either./ malignant./ or./ benign
Benign./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔cells./ resemble./ normal./ cells./ and./ do./ not./ spread;./ tissue./ is./
well-./ delineated./ and./ easily./ removed
,Malignant./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔cells./ are./ bizarre-looking./ and./ spread./ to./ other./ sites,./ highly./
invasive./ into./ tissue,./ and./ not./ well-./ delineated
What./ is./ a./ clinical./ manifestation?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔evidence./ of./ disease../ Signs./ and./
symptoms
What./ are./ signs?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔measurable,./ observable,./ objective./ (something./ that./
can./ be./ seen)
Examples./ of./ signs./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔hypothermia,./ vital./ signs,./ or./ nurse./ notices./ a./ rash
What./ are./ symptoms?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔subjective,./ feelings./ (something./ the./ patient./
feels)
Example./ of./ a./ symptom?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Headache,./ nausea
Difference./ between./ localized./ and./ systemic./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Systemic:./ affecting./ the./
whole./ body
Local:./ affects./ just./ one./ organ./ system./ or./ one./ area./ in./ the./ body
What./ are./ the./ different./ types./ of./ cell./ adaption?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔hypertrophy,./
hyperplasia,./ atrophy,./ dysplasia,./ metaplasia,./ neoplasia,./ apoptosis,./ infarction./ and./ necrosis
What./ is./ hypertrophy?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Increased./ cell./ size../ Can./ be./ either./
physiological./ or./ pathological.
Example./ of./ physiological./ hypertrophy./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔exercise,./ which./ increases./
muscle./ mass
, Example./ of./ pathological./ hypertrophy./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔when./ there./ is./ an./ increase./ in./
cellular./ size./ without./ an./ increase./ in./ the./ supportive./ structures./ necessary./ for./ the./ enlarged./
cells./ increased./ metabolic./ needs../
This./ can./ occur./ in./ a./ disease./ process./ or./ may./ be./ compensatory./ maladaptation./ to./
changed./ environment./ conditions.
What./ is./ hyperplasia?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Increase./ in./ the./ number./ of./ cells./ in./ a./ tissue./
or./ organ./ (increases./ tissue./ mass)
What./ types./ of./ cells./ can./ hyperplasia./ occur./ in?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔It./ only./ occurs./ in./ the./
tissues./ with./ cells./ that./ are./ capable./ of./ mitotic./ division,./ such./ as./ the./ epithelium./ and./
glandular./ tissue
What./ is./ hyperplasia./ stimulated./ by?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Stimulated./ by./ hormonal./ or./
compensatory./ cellular./ mechanisms
Example./ of./ hyperplasia./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Occurs./ in./ pregnancy,./ when./ estrogen./
stimulation./ results./ in./ mitotic./ division./ of./ breast./ gland./ cells
What./ is./ atrophy?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔Decreased./ cell./ size./ in./ response./ to./ changes./ in./
metabolic./ requirements./ or./ their./ environment
Examples./ of./ atrophic./ situations?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔paralysis,./ which./ causes./ a./ lack./ of./
muscle./ contraction,./ loss./ of./ nerve./ stimulation,./ and./ decreased./ workload./ of./ muscles.
Other./ causes./ of./ atrophy?./ -./ correct./ answer./ ✔✔disuse./ or./ diminished./ workload,./ loss./ of./
hormonal./ stimulation,./ inadequate./ nutrition,./ decreased./ blood./ flow,./ aging.
