Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3
Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3 Questions and
Answers
Question 1
What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? a. Intolerance to heat,
tachycardia, and weight loss b. Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin c.
Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia d. Constipation, decreased heat
rate, and lethargy
Correct Answer
The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in decreased energy metabolism,
resulting in constipation, bradycardia, and lethargy, thus eliminating the remaining
options.
Question 2
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and
is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of: a. Positive
feedback b. Neural regulation c. Negative feedback d. Physiologic regulation
Correct Answer
Negative feedback. Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the
cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical,
neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that
triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from
the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of
TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and
triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and
hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis.
Page 1 of 66
, Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3
Question 3
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located: a. Inside the plasma membrane in the
cytoplasm b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane c. Inside the
mitochondria d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Correct Answer
Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are
located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma
membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
Question 4
The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior
pituitary via the: a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata b. Hypophyseal stalk c. Infundibular
stem d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
Correct Answer
Portal hypophyseal blood vessels. Releasing and inhibitory hormones are
synthesized in the hypothalamus and are secreted into the portal blood vessels
through which they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones.
Question 5
Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the
secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)? a. Iron b. Iodide c. Zinc d. Copper
Correct Answer
Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary, stimulates
secretion of TH by activating intracellular processes, including the uptake of iodine
necessary for the synthesis of TH.
Question 6
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes? a. Increases serum
calcium b. Decreases serum magnesium c. Decreases serum calcium d. Increases
serum magnesium
Correct Answer
Decreases serum calcium. Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia. Remember
that phos and calcium are inversely related.
Page 2 of 66
, Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3
Question 7
Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Calcium d.
Phosphorus
Correct Answer
Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and
magnesium.
Question 8
Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic
receptor? a. Calcium b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3) c. Diacylglycerol (DAG) d. Cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Correct Answer
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Second-messenger molecules are the
initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell. For example,
the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a
stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the
conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-
cAMP.
Question 9
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example
of which type of regulation? a. Negative feedback b. Neural c. Positive feedback d.
Physiologic
Correct Answer
Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the
cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain
hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is
neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal
medulla), regulate the release of hormones.
Page 3 of 66
, Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3
Question 10
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein? a. Angiotensin II b. Estrogen c. Thyroxined.
Testosterone
Correct Answer
Angiotensin II. Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates
the binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor,
activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma
membrane.
Question 11
The control of calcium in cells is important because it: a. Is controlled by the calcium
negative-feedback loop. b. Is continuously synthesized. c. Acts as a second
messenger. d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
Correct Answer
Acts as a second messenger. In addition to being an important ion that participates
in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second
messenger.
Question 12
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act? a.
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells b. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary c. Renal
tubules; renal collecting ducts d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
Correct Answer
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells. Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts
on the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct cells to increase their
permeability.
Page 4 of 66
Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3 Questions and
Answers
Question 1
What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? a. Intolerance to heat,
tachycardia, and weight loss b. Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin c.
Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia d. Constipation, decreased heat
rate, and lethargy
Correct Answer
The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in decreased energy metabolism,
resulting in constipation, bradycardia, and lethargy, thus eliminating the remaining
options.
Question 2
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and
is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of: a. Positive
feedback b. Neural regulation c. Negative feedback d. Physiologic regulation
Correct Answer
Negative feedback. Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the
cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical,
neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that
triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from
the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of
TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and
triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and
hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis.
Page 1 of 66
, Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3
Question 3
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located: a. Inside the plasma membrane in the
cytoplasm b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane c. Inside the
mitochondria d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane
Correct Answer
Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are
located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma
membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
Question 4
The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior
pituitary via the: a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata b. Hypophyseal stalk c. Infundibular
stem d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
Correct Answer
Portal hypophyseal blood vessels. Releasing and inhibitory hormones are
synthesized in the hypothalamus and are secreted into the portal blood vessels
through which they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones.
Question 5
Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the
secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)? a. Iron b. Iodide c. Zinc d. Copper
Correct Answer
Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary, stimulates
secretion of TH by activating intracellular processes, including the uptake of iodine
necessary for the synthesis of TH.
Question 6
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes? a. Increases serum
calcium b. Decreases serum magnesium c. Decreases serum calcium d. Increases
serum magnesium
Correct Answer
Decreases serum calcium. Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia. Remember
that phos and calcium are inversely related.
Page 2 of 66
, Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3
Question 7
Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Calcium d.
Phosphorus
Correct Answer
Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and
magnesium.
Question 8
Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic
receptor? a. Calcium b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3) c. Diacylglycerol (DAG) d. Cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Correct Answer
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Second-messenger molecules are the
initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell. For example,
the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a
stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the
conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-
cAMP.
Question 9
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example
of which type of regulation? a. Negative feedback b. Neural c. Positive feedback d.
Physiologic
Correct Answer
Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the
cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain
hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is
neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal
medulla), regulate the release of hormones.
Page 3 of 66
, Maryville 611 Patho Exam 3
Question 10
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein? a. Angiotensin II b. Estrogen c. Thyroxined.
Testosterone
Correct Answer
Angiotensin II. Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates
the binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor,
activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma
membrane.
Question 11
The control of calcium in cells is important because it: a. Is controlled by the calcium
negative-feedback loop. b. Is continuously synthesized. c. Acts as a second
messenger. d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
Correct Answer
Acts as a second messenger. In addition to being an important ion that participates
in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second
messenger.
Question 12
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act? a.
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells b. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary c. Renal
tubules; renal collecting ducts d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
Correct Answer
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells. Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts
on the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct cells to increase their
permeability.
Page 4 of 66
