MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH
MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1:
WUNDERLICH Questions and Answers
Question 1
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis.
Correct Answer
A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury
leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that
stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is
profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!
Question 2
Cellular adaptation: Atrophy
Correct Answer
Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Question 3
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy
Correct Answer
Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of
myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
Page 1 of 23
, MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH
Question 4
Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia
Correct Answer
Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2 weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Question 5
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia
Correct Answer
Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped.
Question 6
Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?
Correct Answer
ATP = energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-phosphate (Na+,
K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The
Na+, K+ pump is discussed in chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter the
cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
Question 7
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Correct Answer
Results when oxygen reserves are depleted.
Page 2 of 23
, MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH
Question 8
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
Correct Answer
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus
to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is
capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—
key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play
major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and
chronic heart failure.
Question 9
Cellular injury: What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical
injury?
Correct Answer
Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Question 10
Fatty Liver
Correct Answer
Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic
cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning
properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver
Question 11
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Correct Answer
The cell component most vulnerable to the target of radiation.
Page 3 of 23
MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1:
WUNDERLICH Questions and Answers
Question 1
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis.
Correct Answer
A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury
leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that
stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is
profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!
Question 2
Cellular adaptation: Atrophy
Correct Answer
Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Question 3
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy
Correct Answer
Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of
myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
Page 1 of 23
, MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH
Question 4
Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia
Correct Answer
Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2 weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Question 5
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia
Correct Answer
Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped.
Question 6
Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?
Correct Answer
ATP = energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-phosphate (Na+,
K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The
Na+, K+ pump is discussed in chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter the
cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
Question 7
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
Correct Answer
Results when oxygen reserves are depleted.
Page 2 of 23
, MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH
Question 8
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
Correct Answer
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus
to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is
capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—
key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play
major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and
chronic heart failure.
Question 9
Cellular injury: What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical
injury?
Correct Answer
Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Question 10
Fatty Liver
Correct Answer
Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic
cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning
properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver
Question 11
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Correct Answer
The cell component most vulnerable to the target of radiation.
Page 3 of 23
