Infant and Child Development Exam 1
Review Rutgers University Questions
with Correct Answers
social policy - ANSWERSpolicies that are intended to promote the welfare of individuals
in a society
physical development - ANSWERSbiological changes that occur in the body and brain,
including changes in size and strength, integration of sensory and motor activities, and
development of fine and gross motor skills
cognitive development - ANSWERSchanges in the way children think, understand, and
reason as they grow older.
social-emotional development - ANSWERSchanges in the ways we connect to other
individuals and express and understand emotions
nature - ANSWERSthe influence of genetic inheritance on development
nurture - ANSWERSthe influence of learning and the environment on children's
development
stages of child development (age ranges) - ANSWERSinfant (year 1), toddler (1-3),
early childhood (3-6), middle childhood (6-12), and adolescence (12-18)
stage theories - ANSWERStheories of development in which each stage of life is seen
as qualitatively different from the ones that come before or after (ex: walking vs
crawling)
incremental theories - ANSWERStheories in which development is a result of
continuous quantitative changes (ex. height in inches)
equifinality - ANSWERSthe principle by which different developmental pathways may
result in the same outcome (ex: depression may come from environment and genetics)
multi finality - ANSWERSprinciple by which the same pathways may lead to different
developmental outcomes (ex: children of abuse may develop depression or resilience)
developmental psychopathology - ANSWERSsees mental and behavioral problems as
distortions of normal developmental processes rather than as illnesses
, positive youth development - ANSWERSfinding ways to help all young people reach
their full potential
socialization - ANSWERSprocess of instilling the norms, attitudes, and beliefs of a
culture in its children
culture - ANSWERSthe system of behaviors, norms, beliefs, and traditions that form to
promote the survival of a group that lives in a particular env. niche
individualism - ANSWERScultural value that emphasizes the individual with emphasis
on independence and reliance on ones own abilities (US)
collectivism - ANSWERScultural value that emphasizes obligations to others within your
group
perceptual bias - ANSWERStendency to see and understand something in the way you
expect it to be
developmental theory - ANSWERSmodel of development based on observations that
allows us to make predictions
psychoanalytic theory - ANSWERSfreuds theory in which the way we deal with
biological urges moves us through a series of stages that shape our personalities
ID - ANSWERSpart of personality that consists of basic drives, such as sex and hunger
pleasure principle - ANSWERSthe idea that the id seeks immediate gratification for all
of its urges to feel pleasure
ego - ANSWERScontends with the reality of the world and controls basic drives
reality principle - ANSWERSego has the ability to deal with the real world and not just
drives and fantasy
superego - ANSWERSconscience, sense of right and wrong
unconscious mind - ANSWERScontains thoughts and feelings which we are unaware
psychosexual stages - ANSWERSfreuds idea that at each stage sexual energy is
invested in a different part of the body
oral stage - ANSWERSfirst stage, sex drive is centered on the mouth stage
anal stage - ANSWERSsecond stage, toddlers sexual energy is focused on the anus
Review Rutgers University Questions
with Correct Answers
social policy - ANSWERSpolicies that are intended to promote the welfare of individuals
in a society
physical development - ANSWERSbiological changes that occur in the body and brain,
including changes in size and strength, integration of sensory and motor activities, and
development of fine and gross motor skills
cognitive development - ANSWERSchanges in the way children think, understand, and
reason as they grow older.
social-emotional development - ANSWERSchanges in the ways we connect to other
individuals and express and understand emotions
nature - ANSWERSthe influence of genetic inheritance on development
nurture - ANSWERSthe influence of learning and the environment on children's
development
stages of child development (age ranges) - ANSWERSinfant (year 1), toddler (1-3),
early childhood (3-6), middle childhood (6-12), and adolescence (12-18)
stage theories - ANSWERStheories of development in which each stage of life is seen
as qualitatively different from the ones that come before or after (ex: walking vs
crawling)
incremental theories - ANSWERStheories in which development is a result of
continuous quantitative changes (ex. height in inches)
equifinality - ANSWERSthe principle by which different developmental pathways may
result in the same outcome (ex: depression may come from environment and genetics)
multi finality - ANSWERSprinciple by which the same pathways may lead to different
developmental outcomes (ex: children of abuse may develop depression or resilience)
developmental psychopathology - ANSWERSsees mental and behavioral problems as
distortions of normal developmental processes rather than as illnesses
, positive youth development - ANSWERSfinding ways to help all young people reach
their full potential
socialization - ANSWERSprocess of instilling the norms, attitudes, and beliefs of a
culture in its children
culture - ANSWERSthe system of behaviors, norms, beliefs, and traditions that form to
promote the survival of a group that lives in a particular env. niche
individualism - ANSWERScultural value that emphasizes the individual with emphasis
on independence and reliance on ones own abilities (US)
collectivism - ANSWERScultural value that emphasizes obligations to others within your
group
perceptual bias - ANSWERStendency to see and understand something in the way you
expect it to be
developmental theory - ANSWERSmodel of development based on observations that
allows us to make predictions
psychoanalytic theory - ANSWERSfreuds theory in which the way we deal with
biological urges moves us through a series of stages that shape our personalities
ID - ANSWERSpart of personality that consists of basic drives, such as sex and hunger
pleasure principle - ANSWERSthe idea that the id seeks immediate gratification for all
of its urges to feel pleasure
ego - ANSWERScontends with the reality of the world and controls basic drives
reality principle - ANSWERSego has the ability to deal with the real world and not just
drives and fantasy
superego - ANSWERSconscience, sense of right and wrong
unconscious mind - ANSWERScontains thoughts and feelings which we are unaware
psychosexual stages - ANSWERSfreuds idea that at each stage sexual energy is
invested in a different part of the body
oral stage - ANSWERSfirst stage, sex drive is centered on the mouth stage
anal stage - ANSWERSsecond stage, toddlers sexual energy is focused on the anus
