Certified Retinal Angiographer (CRA) Verified
Multiple Choice and Conceptual Actual
Emended Exam Questions With Reviewed
100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
Q1. Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy is inherited in what pattern?
A) Autosomal recessive
B) Autosomal dominant
C) X-linked
D) Mitochondrial
Answer: B) Autosomal dominant
Explanation: SFD is a progressive autosomal dominant macular dystrophy,
requiring only one faulty gene copy from either parent.
Q2. The earliest symptom of Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy is:
A) Central scotoma
B) Photophobia
C) Nyctalopia (night blindness)
D) Diplopia
Answer: C) Nyctalopia
Explanation: Patients typically first complain of night blindness and poor color
discrimination (green/blue, red/yellow).
Q3. What deposits are seen in SFD on slit lamp or fundus exam?
A) Cotton wool spots
B) Yellow drusen-like material
C) Retinal hemorrhages
D) Pigment clumping
Answer: B) Yellow drusen-like material
,Explanation: Thick extracellular deposits form between Bruch’s membrane and
the RPE, resembling drusen.
Q4. Which imaging is most useful for diagnosing and monitoring SFD?
A) Fundus autofluorescence (FAF)
B) OCT
C) FA (fluorescein angiography)
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: OCT shows drusen-like deposits; FA helps monitor
neovascularization; FAF highlights RPE stress.
Q5. Treatment options for SFD include:
A) Corticosteroids
B) Laser photocoagulation
C) Anti-VEGF injections
D) No available therapy
Answer: C) Anti-VEGF injections
Explanation: Although there is no cure, anti-VEGF agents may slow
neovascularization when it develops.
Q6. “Background” diabetic retinopathy is another name for:
A) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
B) Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
C) Retinitis proliferans
D) Macular edema
Answer: B) Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Explanation: Background DR = early NPDR with microaneurysms, hemorrhages,
hard exudates.
Q7. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by:
A) Microaneurysms only
B) Cotton wool spots
C) Neovascularization
,D) Pigment changes in the macula
Answer: C) Neovascularization
Explanation: Growth of fragile new vessels is the hallmark of proliferative DR.
Q8. What complication results from vitreous traction on neovascular vessels?
A) Retinal detachment
B) Vitreous hemorrhage
C) Cystoid macular edema
D) Optic disc drusen
Answer: B) Vitreous hemorrhage
Explanation: Fragile new vessels tear under traction, bleeding into the vitreous.
Q9. The term “retinitis proliferans” refers to:
A) Cotton wool spots spreading through the retina
B) Vitreous fibrosis + neovascularization
C) Subretinal fluid accumulation
D) Drusen accumulation near the macula
Answer: B) Vitreous fibrosis + neovascularization
Explanation: Extensive neovascularization plus fibrosis within the vitreous is called
retinitis proliferans.
Q10. What test best shows ischemic areas and neovascularization in DR?
A) OCT
B) FAF
C) FA (fluorescein angiography)
D) MRI
Answer: C) FA (fluorescein angiography)
Explanation: FA reveals capillary dropout, leakage, and new vessel growth.
Q11. Time-domain OCT depends on:
A) Spectral analysis
B) Time delay in reflected light
C) FA dye leakage
D) Doppler shift
, Answer: B) Time delay in reflected light
Explanation: Time-domain OCT measures time of flight differences in reflected
light.
Q12. A limitation of time-domain OCT is:
A) Too high scan density
B) Too quick acquisition
C) Long acquisition time prone to blink artifacts
D) Lack of depth penetration
Answer: C) Long acquisition time prone to blink artifacts
Explanation: Acquisition spanned several seconds, allowing for motion artifacts.
Q13. Spectral-domain OCT uses what detector?
A) Rotating mirror
B) Stationary spectrometer
C) Ultrasound transducer
D) Digital CCD camera
Answer: B) Stationary spectrometer
Explanation: Replacing the mirror with a spectrometer enables faster, denser
scans.
Q14. A major advantage of spectral-domain OCT over time-domain is:
A) Lower resolution
B) Slower scan time
C) Reduced chance of missing pathology
D) Inability to perform B-scans
Answer: C) Reduced chance of missing pathology
Explanation: Higher scan density and rapid image capture reduce the risk of
missing fine details.
Retinal Neovascularization
Q15. Retinal neovascularization is typically a response to:
A) Sudden artery occlusion
Multiple Choice and Conceptual Actual
Emended Exam Questions With Reviewed
100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
Q1. Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy is inherited in what pattern?
A) Autosomal recessive
B) Autosomal dominant
C) X-linked
D) Mitochondrial
Answer: B) Autosomal dominant
Explanation: SFD is a progressive autosomal dominant macular dystrophy,
requiring only one faulty gene copy from either parent.
Q2. The earliest symptom of Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy is:
A) Central scotoma
B) Photophobia
C) Nyctalopia (night blindness)
D) Diplopia
Answer: C) Nyctalopia
Explanation: Patients typically first complain of night blindness and poor color
discrimination (green/blue, red/yellow).
Q3. What deposits are seen in SFD on slit lamp or fundus exam?
A) Cotton wool spots
B) Yellow drusen-like material
C) Retinal hemorrhages
D) Pigment clumping
Answer: B) Yellow drusen-like material
,Explanation: Thick extracellular deposits form between Bruch’s membrane and
the RPE, resembling drusen.
Q4. Which imaging is most useful for diagnosing and monitoring SFD?
A) Fundus autofluorescence (FAF)
B) OCT
C) FA (fluorescein angiography)
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: OCT shows drusen-like deposits; FA helps monitor
neovascularization; FAF highlights RPE stress.
Q5. Treatment options for SFD include:
A) Corticosteroids
B) Laser photocoagulation
C) Anti-VEGF injections
D) No available therapy
Answer: C) Anti-VEGF injections
Explanation: Although there is no cure, anti-VEGF agents may slow
neovascularization when it develops.
Q6. “Background” diabetic retinopathy is another name for:
A) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
B) Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
C) Retinitis proliferans
D) Macular edema
Answer: B) Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Explanation: Background DR = early NPDR with microaneurysms, hemorrhages,
hard exudates.
Q7. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by:
A) Microaneurysms only
B) Cotton wool spots
C) Neovascularization
,D) Pigment changes in the macula
Answer: C) Neovascularization
Explanation: Growth of fragile new vessels is the hallmark of proliferative DR.
Q8. What complication results from vitreous traction on neovascular vessels?
A) Retinal detachment
B) Vitreous hemorrhage
C) Cystoid macular edema
D) Optic disc drusen
Answer: B) Vitreous hemorrhage
Explanation: Fragile new vessels tear under traction, bleeding into the vitreous.
Q9. The term “retinitis proliferans” refers to:
A) Cotton wool spots spreading through the retina
B) Vitreous fibrosis + neovascularization
C) Subretinal fluid accumulation
D) Drusen accumulation near the macula
Answer: B) Vitreous fibrosis + neovascularization
Explanation: Extensive neovascularization plus fibrosis within the vitreous is called
retinitis proliferans.
Q10. What test best shows ischemic areas and neovascularization in DR?
A) OCT
B) FAF
C) FA (fluorescein angiography)
D) MRI
Answer: C) FA (fluorescein angiography)
Explanation: FA reveals capillary dropout, leakage, and new vessel growth.
Q11. Time-domain OCT depends on:
A) Spectral analysis
B) Time delay in reflected light
C) FA dye leakage
D) Doppler shift
, Answer: B) Time delay in reflected light
Explanation: Time-domain OCT measures time of flight differences in reflected
light.
Q12. A limitation of time-domain OCT is:
A) Too high scan density
B) Too quick acquisition
C) Long acquisition time prone to blink artifacts
D) Lack of depth penetration
Answer: C) Long acquisition time prone to blink artifacts
Explanation: Acquisition spanned several seconds, allowing for motion artifacts.
Q13. Spectral-domain OCT uses what detector?
A) Rotating mirror
B) Stationary spectrometer
C) Ultrasound transducer
D) Digital CCD camera
Answer: B) Stationary spectrometer
Explanation: Replacing the mirror with a spectrometer enables faster, denser
scans.
Q14. A major advantage of spectral-domain OCT over time-domain is:
A) Lower resolution
B) Slower scan time
C) Reduced chance of missing pathology
D) Inability to perform B-scans
Answer: C) Reduced chance of missing pathology
Explanation: Higher scan density and rapid image capture reduce the risk of
missing fine details.
Retinal Neovascularization
Q15. Retinal neovascularization is typically a response to:
A) Sudden artery occlusion
