BIO 215 Rubenstien Final Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
osmosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Simple |diffusion |of |water.
Explain |the |4 |features |of |the |genetic |code |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1) |Degenerate: |multiple |
codons |code |for |one |amino |acid |(reduces |the |harm |of |mutation)
2) |Non-overlapping
3) |Universal |(nearly): |almost |all |species |follow |the |codon |table
4) |Non-codon |functions: |
- |AUG |- |Methionine |= |start |codon
- |UAA, |UAG, |UGA |- |Stop |codons
Where |is |the |ribosome |located |in |eukaryotes? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Eukaryotes: |located |
in |the |cytoplasm |or |bound |to |the |ER
Where |is |the |ribosome |located |in |prokaryotes? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-cytoplasm
what |is |the |function |of |the |ribosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--catalyze |polypeptide |synthesis
what |is |the |ribosome |made |of? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-many |proteins |and |rRNA |molecules |
(large |subunit |and |small |subunit)
Binding |sites |of |a |ribosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mRNA |binding |site: |******
A |(amino |acyl) |site:
P |(peptide) |site:
E |(exit) |site: |
,Exit |channel:
Describe |the |structure |and |role |of |tRNA |molecules |in |translation. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
aminoacyl |tRNA |are |bound |to |amino |acids |and |bring |the |amino |acid |to |the |ribosome |so |a |
peptide |bond |can |be |formed.
Explain |how |fewer |than |61 |tRNA |molecules |function |with |61 |amino-acid |encoding |codons. |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Many |tRNAs |can |recognize/base |pair |with |more |than |one |mRNA |codon
|because |the |3rd |base |is |slightly |offset |so |its |possible |to |hydrogen |bond |with |multiple |codons. |
(Wobble |hypothesis |- |mRNA |and |tRNA |line |up |on |the |ribosome |in |a |way |that |permits |
flexibility |or |wobble |in |the |final |bases |of |codon |and |anticodon)
Describe |the |function |of |action |of |aminoacyl-tRNA |synthetases. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Every
|tRNA/amino |acid |pair |has |its |own |aminoacyl-tRNA |synthetase |enzyme
Catalyze |formation |of |an |ester |bond |
Between |the |3'-OH |of |the |tRNA |and |the |carboxyl |group |of |the |AA |
Energy |provided |by |ATP |hydrolysis |
Endergonic
Mechanism |of |aminoacyl-tRNA |sythetases |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1) |Amino |acid |& |ATP |enter |
active |site
2) |AMP |is |joined |to |amino |acid |with |the |release |and |breakdown |of |pyrophosphate |(2 |
phosphates |bonded |to |each |other)
3) |AMP |is |displaced |by |tRNA |creating |aminoacyl |tRNA
4) |Aminoacyl |tRNA |is |released
Explain |the |directionality |of |protein |synthesis |with |respect |to |the |direction |in |which |ribosomes
|read |mRNA; |the |order |of |addition |of |amino |acids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mRNA |is |read |
5'→3'. |Polypeptide |is |synthesized |N→C
, Describe |polypeptide |synthesis |initiation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1) |Binding |of |Initiation |factor
|proteins |and |GTP |to |the |small |ribosomal |subunit
- |IF3 |prevents |large |subunit |from |prematurely |binding |to |small |subunit
- |IF1 |prevents |charged |tRNA |from |prematurely |binding |to |the |A |site |before |initiation |complex |
has |formed
2) |Initiator |tRNA |and |mRNA |bind |to |small |ribosomal |subunit |with |help |of |IFs
- |Initiator |tRNA |is |guided |to |start |codon |by |IF2
3) |Initiator |tRNA |triggers |release |of |IF3 |(allows |large |subunit |to |bind). |
4) |Large |ribosomal |subunit |binds |and |stimulated |the |hydrolysis |of |GTP |which |stimulates |
release |of |IF1 |and |IF2
Describe |polypeptide |synthesis |elongation. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-amino |acids |are |added |to |
the |growing |polypeptide |based |on |the |mRNA |code |
New |tRNAs |bringing |new |amino |acids |arrive |at |a |site |
Growing |polypeptide |chain |connected |to |a |tRNA |at |the |p |site |is |transferred |to |the |new |amino |
acid |linked |to |the |new |tRNA |at |the |a |site |
Each |new |tRNA |which |has |transferred |its |amino |acid |to |the |growing |chain |will |be |released |to |
the |e |site
Describe |polypeptide |synthesis |and |termination. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Initiation: |mRNA |is |
positioned |on |the |ribosome |Large |and |small |subunits, |and |a |tRNA |that |is |loaded |with |an |
aminal |aceyltr |and |a |synthetase |Assemble |the |riosome |and |the |intitial |tRNA |After |they |are |
assembled |we |have |an |a |site, |a |p |site, |and |an |e |site |Almost |every |new |tRNA |arrives |in |the |a |
site |The |only |tRNA |that |is |going |to |arrive |at |a |different |site |is |the |initiatior |tRNA |that |carries |
the |first |amino |acid |(methyanine)
Elongation: |amino |acids |are |added |to |the |growing |polypeptide |based |on |the |mRNA |code |New |
tRNAs |bringing |new |amino |acids |arrive |at |a |site |Growing |polypeptide |chain |connected |to |a |
tRNA |at |the |p |site |is |transferred |to |the |new |amino |acid |linked |to |the |new |tRNA |at |the |a |site |
Each |new |tRNA |which |has |transferred |its |amino |acid |to |the |growing |chain |will |be |released |to |
the |e |site
With Correct Answers
osmosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Simple |diffusion |of |water.
Explain |the |4 |features |of |the |genetic |code |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1) |Degenerate: |multiple |
codons |code |for |one |amino |acid |(reduces |the |harm |of |mutation)
2) |Non-overlapping
3) |Universal |(nearly): |almost |all |species |follow |the |codon |table
4) |Non-codon |functions: |
- |AUG |- |Methionine |= |start |codon
- |UAA, |UAG, |UGA |- |Stop |codons
Where |is |the |ribosome |located |in |eukaryotes? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Eukaryotes: |located |
in |the |cytoplasm |or |bound |to |the |ER
Where |is |the |ribosome |located |in |prokaryotes? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-cytoplasm
what |is |the |function |of |the |ribosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--catalyze |polypeptide |synthesis
what |is |the |ribosome |made |of? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-many |proteins |and |rRNA |molecules |
(large |subunit |and |small |subunit)
Binding |sites |of |a |ribosome |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mRNA |binding |site: |******
A |(amino |acyl) |site:
P |(peptide) |site:
E |(exit) |site: |
,Exit |channel:
Describe |the |structure |and |role |of |tRNA |molecules |in |translation. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
aminoacyl |tRNA |are |bound |to |amino |acids |and |bring |the |amino |acid |to |the |ribosome |so |a |
peptide |bond |can |be |formed.
Explain |how |fewer |than |61 |tRNA |molecules |function |with |61 |amino-acid |encoding |codons. |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Many |tRNAs |can |recognize/base |pair |with |more |than |one |mRNA |codon
|because |the |3rd |base |is |slightly |offset |so |its |possible |to |hydrogen |bond |with |multiple |codons. |
(Wobble |hypothesis |- |mRNA |and |tRNA |line |up |on |the |ribosome |in |a |way |that |permits |
flexibility |or |wobble |in |the |final |bases |of |codon |and |anticodon)
Describe |the |function |of |action |of |aminoacyl-tRNA |synthetases. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Every
|tRNA/amino |acid |pair |has |its |own |aminoacyl-tRNA |synthetase |enzyme
Catalyze |formation |of |an |ester |bond |
Between |the |3'-OH |of |the |tRNA |and |the |carboxyl |group |of |the |AA |
Energy |provided |by |ATP |hydrolysis |
Endergonic
Mechanism |of |aminoacyl-tRNA |sythetases |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1) |Amino |acid |& |ATP |enter |
active |site
2) |AMP |is |joined |to |amino |acid |with |the |release |and |breakdown |of |pyrophosphate |(2 |
phosphates |bonded |to |each |other)
3) |AMP |is |displaced |by |tRNA |creating |aminoacyl |tRNA
4) |Aminoacyl |tRNA |is |released
Explain |the |directionality |of |protein |synthesis |with |respect |to |the |direction |in |which |ribosomes
|read |mRNA; |the |order |of |addition |of |amino |acids |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mRNA |is |read |
5'→3'. |Polypeptide |is |synthesized |N→C
, Describe |polypeptide |synthesis |initiation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1) |Binding |of |Initiation |factor
|proteins |and |GTP |to |the |small |ribosomal |subunit
- |IF3 |prevents |large |subunit |from |prematurely |binding |to |small |subunit
- |IF1 |prevents |charged |tRNA |from |prematurely |binding |to |the |A |site |before |initiation |complex |
has |formed
2) |Initiator |tRNA |and |mRNA |bind |to |small |ribosomal |subunit |with |help |of |IFs
- |Initiator |tRNA |is |guided |to |start |codon |by |IF2
3) |Initiator |tRNA |triggers |release |of |IF3 |(allows |large |subunit |to |bind). |
4) |Large |ribosomal |subunit |binds |and |stimulated |the |hydrolysis |of |GTP |which |stimulates |
release |of |IF1 |and |IF2
Describe |polypeptide |synthesis |elongation. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-amino |acids |are |added |to |
the |growing |polypeptide |based |on |the |mRNA |code |
New |tRNAs |bringing |new |amino |acids |arrive |at |a |site |
Growing |polypeptide |chain |connected |to |a |tRNA |at |the |p |site |is |transferred |to |the |new |amino |
acid |linked |to |the |new |tRNA |at |the |a |site |
Each |new |tRNA |which |has |transferred |its |amino |acid |to |the |growing |chain |will |be |released |to |
the |e |site
Describe |polypeptide |synthesis |and |termination. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Initiation: |mRNA |is |
positioned |on |the |ribosome |Large |and |small |subunits, |and |a |tRNA |that |is |loaded |with |an |
aminal |aceyltr |and |a |synthetase |Assemble |the |riosome |and |the |intitial |tRNA |After |they |are |
assembled |we |have |an |a |site, |a |p |site, |and |an |e |site |Almost |every |new |tRNA |arrives |in |the |a |
site |The |only |tRNA |that |is |going |to |arrive |at |a |different |site |is |the |initiatior |tRNA |that |carries |
the |first |amino |acid |(methyanine)
Elongation: |amino |acids |are |added |to |the |growing |polypeptide |based |on |the |mRNA |code |New |
tRNAs |bringing |new |amino |acids |arrive |at |a |site |Growing |polypeptide |chain |connected |to |a |
tRNA |at |the |p |site |is |transferred |to |the |new |amino |acid |linked |to |the |new |tRNA |at |the |a |site |
Each |new |tRNA |which |has |transferred |its |amino |acid |to |the |growing |chain |will |be |released |to |
the |e |site
