WSU Psychology 372 Exam 2025

The year is 1984. 9 year old Stevie answers the home phone. It is her mother's friend Ronnie on the phone. Ronnie asks Stevie to giver her mother a short message. Stevie hangs up the phone and runs to her mother to deliver the message. The period in which Stevie had to remember the message before delivering it to her mother is an example of which type of memory - Correct Ans-Short-term memory The general function of working memory is to ____ - Correct Ans-Attend to and operate on current information In operant conditioning, reinforcement is ____ - Correct Ans-An event that increases the future probability of a response Which neurochemical plays an important role in memory formation by participating in LTP in the hippocampus? - Correct Ans-Glutamate Memories of an individual's personal experiences are stored in ____ memory - Correct Ans-Episodic Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed ____ - Correct Ans-Explicit Memory Psychologists define learning as: - Correct Ans-Relatively permanent changes in behavior(or the capacity for behavior) due to experiences Reduced volume in the ____ is associated with increased impulsive behavior - Correct Ans-Orbital Frontal Cortex Impulsive behavior and poor decisions are common symptoms of ____ - Correct Ans-Prefrontal Damage Reward can be divided into separate psychological components. _____ describes the pleasurable aspect of a reward, while ____ describes the motivational aspects of the reward. - Correct Ans-Liking; Wanting Binge eating disorder (BED) is associated with stress. Researchers know this because circulating cortisol levels are ___ after a stress test in individuals with BED. - Correct Ans-Blunted In addiction, stress and negative affect increases during withdrawal, so more drug is consumed to reduce these symptoms. This is an example of - Correct Ans-Negative Reinforcement Dopamine activity is increased in Alexis' brain when she receives a gift from her boyfriend Ted. Eventually, Alexis learns that Ted always winks before giving her a gift, so Alexis' dopamine activity begins to increase at the wink, before she actually receives the gift. One day, Ted winked but did not have a gift for Alexis. Therefore, Alexis' dopamine activity decreased because she did not receive the predicted gift. This dopamine-related phenomenon is known as the : - Correct Ans-Reward Prediction Error According to the DSM-V, which of the following is not a criteria for a drug addiction diagnosis? - Correct Ans-An absence of withdrawal symptoms when you stop using the drug Sex refers to the characteristics of women and men that are socially and culturally constructed. - Correct Ans-False The primary causal factor in sexual orientation is - Correct Ans-Not clearly understood and may include some or all of the above Men are ___ to develop schizophrenia compared to women, especially ___ in life - Correct Ans-More likely; early Between 6 and 24 weeks following conceptions, testosterone levels are high in male fetuses, contributing to the development of male reproductive organs in utero. This is an example of the ___ effects of sex hormones - Correct Ans-NOT Activational Administering a noradrenergic beta-blocker immediately after exposure to a snake reduces fear in individuals with a snake phobia. It is likely that the noradrenergic beta-blocker is influencing which stage of memory? - Correct Ans-Reconsolidation Imagine a scenario where a rat learns to press a lever for an IV infusion of cocaine. After some time, the rat presses the lever but does not receive cocaine. The rat then stops pressing the lever almost entirely. This reduction in lever pressing is known in operant conditioning as - Correct Ans-Extinction Which subregion of the amygdala is responsible for initiating a defensive behavior in response to fear? - Correct Ans-The Central Amygdala After H.M had his hippocampus, amygdala, and part of the temporal lobe removed, his personality and IQ completely changed - Correct Ans-False Jocelyn is training two groups of rats to perform a delayed nonmatching to sample task. One group of rats have normal brains. The other group of rats have medial temporal lobe lesions. The second group of rats will have difficulty ____, which will impair their performance on the task - Correct Ans-Forming new memories In the radial arm maze, disruption of ____ receptors impairs working memory in rats. - Correct Ans-AMPA The Mullerian system will develop into the - Correct Ans-Uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina Male and female rats show differences in the - Correct Ans-SDN-POA Up until about the third month after conception: - Correct Ans-NOT Male fetuses possess both a Mullerian and a Wolffian system, and females possess a Mullerian system only At puberty, FSH and LH - Correct Ans-Stimulate the release of additional testosterone by the testes and the release of estrogens by the ovaries Producing long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system requires ___ - Correct Ans-A rapid burst of many stimuli LTP is thought to be the basis of memory formation because LTP is long-lasting and formed after very brief exposure to stimuli - Correct Ans-True A bad case of viral gastroenteritis was going around Schitt's Creek. During that time, Roland ate a meatball sub for lunch, developing nausea and stomach cramps a couple hours later. Though Roland's symptoms were likely caused by the viral gastroenteritis, he refused to eat meatball subs ever again. In this scenario, the meatball sub is the - Correct Ans-Conditioned Stimulus Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? - Correct Ans-Taking away a toy from a toddler because they hit their sister Which of the following accurately depicts the basic steps in memory formation? - Correct Ans-Sensory input - attention - working memory - consolidation - long-term memory Invertebrates, like Aplysia, are ideal subjects for basic memory research because they have ___ instead of brains. - Correct Ans-Neural Nets Fixed action patterns are inborn patterns of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli observed in all mammals, including humans. - Correct Ans-False Which gene is responsible for the development of the testis in a fetus during prenatal development? - Correct Ans-SRY What is the role of melatonin in sleep cycles? - Correct Ans-It triggers the onset of sleep Which of the following statements is true about orexins? - Correct Ans-Injection of orexins into the hypothalamus results in increased hunger The medial forebrain bundle makes connections between the: - Correct Ans-NOT Thalamus and the cerebral cortex Hypovolemic thirst results from: - Correct Ans-Decreases in blood volume The process of activating and directing behavior designed toward a specific goal is known as: - Correct Ans-Motivation Animals stop eating on their own and must be force-fed following lesions of the : - Correct Ans-Lateral Hypothalamus Which brain region receives signals from thermoreceptors and coordinates a response to changes in temperature? - Correct Ans-Preoptic Area Sleep deprivation is associated with: - Correct Ans-Reduced release of growth hormone and impaired healing of injuries Moira, who is 17 years old, can't seem to get to sleep until about 2 a.m. and then struggles to get up on time in order to attend morning classes. It is most likely that Moira: - Correct Ans-Is currently an owl, but may or may not change to another patter during her 20s Desynchronous activity recorded by EEG is correlated with: - Correct Ans-Alertness Synchronous EEG activity is a characteristic of the deep stages of sleep. - Correct Ans-True Which brain region is considered our "internal clock" managing sleep and sleep-related changes to body temperature, blood pressure, and hormone secretion? - Correct Ans-The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Johnny, a sophomore in high school, always feels tired and has started passing out up to 5 times per day. One day he passed out and hit his head on a desk, leading to his parents to take him to the emergency room. The doctor diagnosed him with narcolepsy. Based on this diagnosis, what is most likely happening in Johnny's brain causing his narcolepsy spells? - Correct Ans-The orexin system in Johnny's brain is underactive, likely due to his immune system killing these cells Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) results from a reduction in daylight hours during the winter months, causing a reduction in ____ - Correct An