ACC Biology Final Semester 1 Study Guide
Simplified Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers
Endocytosis - A type of active transport; the process of taking liquids or fairly large
molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane; forms a vesicle; vesicle then fuses with a
lysosome or a similar type of vesicle; ; lysosomal enzymes break down the vesicle membrane
and its contents (if necessary), which are then released into the cell
Phagocytosis - A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles;
sometimes destroys these large particles
Exocytosis - A type of active transport; the opposite of endocytosis; the release of substances
out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane; a vesicle forms around materials to be
sent out of the cell. The vesicle then moves toward the cell's surface, where it fuses with the
membrane and lets
go of its contents
Fatty Acid Chains - "Tail" of the phospholipid; non-polar; cannot form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules; hydrophobic
Glycerol and Phosphate Groups - Bears a charge; polar molecules; can form hydrogen bonds
with water molecules; hydrophilic
Phospholipid Bilayer - The hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipid heads
and tails cause them to arrange this way; make up most of the cell membrane; heads form the
outer layer; tails form the inner layer
Cell Membrane/Phospholipid Bilayer Characteristics - 1. Flexible 2. Phospholipids can move
side to side 3. Behaves like a fluid 4. Proteins embedded in the membrane do not flip vertically
, Channel Proteins - Transport proteins that allow molecules to go through the cell without the
use of energy
Carrier Proteins - Transport proteins that help molecules to go through the cell membrane
with the use of energy
Cholesterol - Strengthens and stabilizes the phospholipids; keeps the phospholipids separated
or together
(depends on the situation); is a lipid; contained in the cell membrane
Carbohydrates - Attach to proteins for identification
Ligand - The molecule a receptor binds to; when these two things bind, they can change
shape
Brownian Motion - The random movement of particles
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy source of the cell
Phosphate Bonds - Where energy is stored in ATP; bonds between phosphate molecules
ADP - Adenosine diphosphate; a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by
the addition of a phosphate group; what is left after the release of energy from the breaking of a
phosphate group from ATP
Energy from food - Not usable for the cell until converted into ATP
First step of food energy conversion - Food must be broken down/digested
Simplified Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers
Endocytosis - A type of active transport; the process of taking liquids or fairly large
molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane; forms a vesicle; vesicle then fuses with a
lysosome or a similar type of vesicle; ; lysosomal enzymes break down the vesicle membrane
and its contents (if necessary), which are then released into the cell
Phagocytosis - A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles;
sometimes destroys these large particles
Exocytosis - A type of active transport; the opposite of endocytosis; the release of substances
out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane; a vesicle forms around materials to be
sent out of the cell. The vesicle then moves toward the cell's surface, where it fuses with the
membrane and lets
go of its contents
Fatty Acid Chains - "Tail" of the phospholipid; non-polar; cannot form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules; hydrophobic
Glycerol and Phosphate Groups - Bears a charge; polar molecules; can form hydrogen bonds
with water molecules; hydrophilic
Phospholipid Bilayer - The hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipid heads
and tails cause them to arrange this way; make up most of the cell membrane; heads form the
outer layer; tails form the inner layer
Cell Membrane/Phospholipid Bilayer Characteristics - 1. Flexible 2. Phospholipids can move
side to side 3. Behaves like a fluid 4. Proteins embedded in the membrane do not flip vertically
, Channel Proteins - Transport proteins that allow molecules to go through the cell without the
use of energy
Carrier Proteins - Transport proteins that help molecules to go through the cell membrane
with the use of energy
Cholesterol - Strengthens and stabilizes the phospholipids; keeps the phospholipids separated
or together
(depends on the situation); is a lipid; contained in the cell membrane
Carbohydrates - Attach to proteins for identification
Ligand - The molecule a receptor binds to; when these two things bind, they can change
shape
Brownian Motion - The random movement of particles
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy source of the cell
Phosphate Bonds - Where energy is stored in ATP; bonds between phosphate molecules
ADP - Adenosine diphosphate; a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by
the addition of a phosphate group; what is left after the release of energy from the breaking of a
phosphate group from ATP
Energy from food - Not usable for the cell until converted into ATP
First step of food energy conversion - Food must be broken down/digested
