NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam
Question 1
Acute renal failure
Correct Answer
Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates
that kidneys are functioning well
Question 2
Acute Pyelonephritis
Correct Answer
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Question 3
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Correct Answer
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Page 1 of 26
, NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Question 4
Chronic Renal Failure
Correct Answer
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with
systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Question 5
Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Correct Answer
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause
being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is
an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Question 6
Stage I CKD
Correct Answer
There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Page 2 of 26
, NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Question 7
Stage II CKD
Correct Answer
There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Question 8
Stage III CKD
Correct Answer
There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Question 9
Stage IV CKD
Correct Answer
There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Question 10
Stage V CKD
Correct Answer
Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
Page 3 of 26
NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam
Question 1
Acute renal failure
Correct Answer
Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates
that kidneys are functioning well
Question 2
Acute Pyelonephritis
Correct Answer
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Question 3
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
Correct Answer
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Page 1 of 26
, NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Question 4
Chronic Renal Failure
Correct Answer
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with
systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Question 5
Who is a candidate for dialysis?
Correct Answer
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause
being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is
an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Question 6
Stage I CKD
Correct Answer
There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Page 2 of 26
, NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Question 7
Stage II CKD
Correct Answer
There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Question 8
Stage III CKD
Correct Answer
There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Question 9
Stage IV CKD
Correct Answer
There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Question 10
Stage V CKD
Correct Answer
Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
Page 3 of 26
