Objective Assessment:Learners and
Learning Science
acquisition - (correct Answer) - learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with
the material
consolidation - (correct Answer) - organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to what
you already know and practicing it to better remember it
short-term memory (STM) - (correct Answer) - a mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of
information for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute
long-term memory (LTM) - (correct Answer) - the storage of information for a long time, including
knowledge, skills, and experiences
sensorimotor stage - (correct Answer) - infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions,
developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations
object permanence - (correct Answer) - the understanding that something still exists even though it
cannot be seen or heard
trust v. mistrust stage - (correct Answer) - infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs,
fostering trust while inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety
about their environment
autonomy v. shame/doubt stage - (correct Answer) - the shame and doubt stage involves a child's
journey toward independence and decision-making
sensory exploration - (correct Answer) - involves activities that engage the senses—touch, sight, hearing,
smell, and taste—helping children explore and understand the world around them
fine motor skills - (correct Answer) - fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and
nervous system to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes
initiative v. guilt stage - (correct Answer) - children between ages 3 and 6 display increased assertiveness
by taking the lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively
preoperational stage - (correct Answer) - children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old think
symbolically, using symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the
capacity to mimic behavior through imitation
egocentric - (correct Answer) - demonstrating a cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging
to acknowledge perspectives beyond their own
scaffolding - (correct Answer) - when the teacher breaks down complex concepts into small, more
manageable steps helping children along the way
, conservation - (correct Answer) - understanding that certain physical attributes of objects—such as
quantity, mass, volume, and number—remain constant even when their appearance or arrangement
changes
industry v. inferiority stage - (correct Answer) - children between the ages 5 and 12 develop a growing
sense of competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their capabilities
and limitations
concrete operational stage - (correct Answer) - in children between ages 7 and 11, thinking becomes
more logical, organized, and systematic
reversibility - (correct Answer) - to mentally undo actions or operations; allows individuals to understand
that certain processes can be reversed to return to their original sta
classification - (correct Answer) - to categorize objects, events, or concepts based on common attributes
or characteristics, enabling children to organize and make sense of their environment
puberty - (correct Answer) - typically occurs between ages 12 and 17; changes such as the development
of secondary sexual characteristics, growth spurts, and alterations in body composition
identity v. role confusion stage - (correct Answer) - adolescents between the ages of 12-17 engage in the
exploration and formation of personal identity, including values, beliefs, and aspirations
formal operational stage - (correct Answer) - in adolescents between ages 12 and 17, thinking becomes
more abstract, complex, and systematic
learning theories - (correct Answer) - conceptual frameworks that explain how individuals acquire
knowledge, develop skills, and change behaviors over time
behaviorism - (correct Answer) - sheds light on how external stimuli shape behavior, emphasizing the
focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes
classical conditioning - (correct Answer) - illustrates how associations between stimuli can lead to
learned responses
operant conditioning - (correct Answer) - demonstrates how behaviors are strengthened or weakened
reinforcement - (correct Answer) - increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
punishment - (correct Answer) - decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring
Direct Instruction - (correct Answer) - a teacher-led traditional behaviorist teaching strategy
cognitivism - (correct Answer) - seeks to understand the internal processes involved in learning, such as
perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making
mental schemas - (correct Answer) - cognitive frameworks that help people organize and interpret
information
Bloom's revised taxonomy - (correct Answer) - a framework that categorizes educational objectives into
six levels of cognitive complexity: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and
Learning Science
acquisition - (correct Answer) - learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with
the material
consolidation - (correct Answer) - organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to what
you already know and practicing it to better remember it
short-term memory (STM) - (correct Answer) - a mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of
information for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute
long-term memory (LTM) - (correct Answer) - the storage of information for a long time, including
knowledge, skills, and experiences
sensorimotor stage - (correct Answer) - infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions,
developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations
object permanence - (correct Answer) - the understanding that something still exists even though it
cannot be seen or heard
trust v. mistrust stage - (correct Answer) - infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs,
fostering trust while inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety
about their environment
autonomy v. shame/doubt stage - (correct Answer) - the shame and doubt stage involves a child's
journey toward independence and decision-making
sensory exploration - (correct Answer) - involves activities that engage the senses—touch, sight, hearing,
smell, and taste—helping children explore and understand the world around them
fine motor skills - (correct Answer) - fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and
nervous system to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes
initiative v. guilt stage - (correct Answer) - children between ages 3 and 6 display increased assertiveness
by taking the lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively
preoperational stage - (correct Answer) - children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old think
symbolically, using symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the
capacity to mimic behavior through imitation
egocentric - (correct Answer) - demonstrating a cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging
to acknowledge perspectives beyond their own
scaffolding - (correct Answer) - when the teacher breaks down complex concepts into small, more
manageable steps helping children along the way
, conservation - (correct Answer) - understanding that certain physical attributes of objects—such as
quantity, mass, volume, and number—remain constant even when their appearance or arrangement
changes
industry v. inferiority stage - (correct Answer) - children between the ages 5 and 12 develop a growing
sense of competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their capabilities
and limitations
concrete operational stage - (correct Answer) - in children between ages 7 and 11, thinking becomes
more logical, organized, and systematic
reversibility - (correct Answer) - to mentally undo actions or operations; allows individuals to understand
that certain processes can be reversed to return to their original sta
classification - (correct Answer) - to categorize objects, events, or concepts based on common attributes
or characteristics, enabling children to organize and make sense of their environment
puberty - (correct Answer) - typically occurs between ages 12 and 17; changes such as the development
of secondary sexual characteristics, growth spurts, and alterations in body composition
identity v. role confusion stage - (correct Answer) - adolescents between the ages of 12-17 engage in the
exploration and formation of personal identity, including values, beliefs, and aspirations
formal operational stage - (correct Answer) - in adolescents between ages 12 and 17, thinking becomes
more abstract, complex, and systematic
learning theories - (correct Answer) - conceptual frameworks that explain how individuals acquire
knowledge, develop skills, and change behaviors over time
behaviorism - (correct Answer) - sheds light on how external stimuli shape behavior, emphasizing the
focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes
classical conditioning - (correct Answer) - illustrates how associations between stimuli can lead to
learned responses
operant conditioning - (correct Answer) - demonstrates how behaviors are strengthened or weakened
reinforcement - (correct Answer) - increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
punishment - (correct Answer) - decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring
Direct Instruction - (correct Answer) - a teacher-led traditional behaviorist teaching strategy
cognitivism - (correct Answer) - seeks to understand the internal processes involved in learning, such as
perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making
mental schemas - (correct Answer) - cognitive frameworks that help people organize and interpret
information
Bloom's revised taxonomy - (correct Answer) - a framework that categorizes educational objectives into
six levels of cognitive complexity: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and
