HNI 464 EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORECT ANSWERS!!
What are the different age ranges for each developmental category?
Neonate = 0-1 month
Infant = 0-12 months
Toddler = 1-3 years
Pre-school = 3-6 years
School-age = 6-11 years
Adolescent = 11-18 years
Young adult = 18-21 years
What are examples of atraumatic care?
- Do procedures in the treatment room- do NOT do scary/painful procedures in kid's hospital bed
- Consult child life
- Encourage parental presence
- Give the pt as much control as possible
What are the reasons for the majority of hospitalizations of children: younger than 5, older
children, adolescents?
- Younger than 5 = respiratory illness (RSV) or trauma (falls)
- Older children = mental health illness (depression), GI disorders (Crohn's)
- Adolescents = pregnancy
What are the phases of separation?
- Protest (cry, scream, run)
- Despair (withdrawal, regression, non communicative)
- Detachment (superficial adjustment, uses coping mechanisms, displays resignation but not
contentment, may have developmental delays)
What are barriers to pain management?
,- Acknowledgement deficit about pain assessment and fear of addiction
- Pain assessment of children can be challenging
- Cognitive development of the child
What are behavioral indicators of pain in infants?
- Facial expressions
- Body movements
- Crying
- Increased irritability
- Refusal to move injured body part
- Interrupted sleep
What are physiologic indicators of pain in infants?
- Changes in heart rate
- Respiratory rate
- Oxygen saturation levels
- Vagal tone
- Plantar or palmar sweating
What are the key principles of pain assessment of children? (Think QUESTT).
Q = question the child
U = use a reliable and valid pain scale
E = evaluate the child's behavior and physiologic changes to establish a baseline and determine
the effectiveness of the intervention
S = secure the parent's involvement
T = take the cause of pain into account when intervening
T = take action
What are different pediatric pain assessment tools? What ages are each used for?
- FACES pain rating scale- ages 3+
- Oucher pain rating scale- 3+
- Visual analog and numeric scales- 3+
, - Poker chip tool
- Word-graphic rating scale- 8-15 YOs
- Adolescent pediatric pain tool- 8-15 YOs
What pediatric physiologic and behavioral pain assessment tools are used when a pt can't
express their pain?
- Neonate infant pain scale
- Riley infant pain scale
- Pain observation scale for young children
- CRIES scale for neonatal postoperative pain assessment
- FLACC behavioral scale for postoperative pain in young children
What does FLACC stand for?
F = face
L = legs
A = activity
C = cry
C = consolability
What are types of complementary therapies?
- Cutaneous stimulation- gently rubbing painful area, massaging the skin gently, holding/rocking
the child
- Sucrose solution- concentrated sucrose solution may be used as pain relief measure in preterm
and term infants up to 1 month old
- Guided imagery
- Relaxation techniques
- Breathing techniques
- Hypnosis
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Application of heat and cold
- Electroanalgesia (TENS)
- Acupuncture
CORECT ANSWERS!!
What are the different age ranges for each developmental category?
Neonate = 0-1 month
Infant = 0-12 months
Toddler = 1-3 years
Pre-school = 3-6 years
School-age = 6-11 years
Adolescent = 11-18 years
Young adult = 18-21 years
What are examples of atraumatic care?
- Do procedures in the treatment room- do NOT do scary/painful procedures in kid's hospital bed
- Consult child life
- Encourage parental presence
- Give the pt as much control as possible
What are the reasons for the majority of hospitalizations of children: younger than 5, older
children, adolescents?
- Younger than 5 = respiratory illness (RSV) or trauma (falls)
- Older children = mental health illness (depression), GI disorders (Crohn's)
- Adolescents = pregnancy
What are the phases of separation?
- Protest (cry, scream, run)
- Despair (withdrawal, regression, non communicative)
- Detachment (superficial adjustment, uses coping mechanisms, displays resignation but not
contentment, may have developmental delays)
What are barriers to pain management?
,- Acknowledgement deficit about pain assessment and fear of addiction
- Pain assessment of children can be challenging
- Cognitive development of the child
What are behavioral indicators of pain in infants?
- Facial expressions
- Body movements
- Crying
- Increased irritability
- Refusal to move injured body part
- Interrupted sleep
What are physiologic indicators of pain in infants?
- Changes in heart rate
- Respiratory rate
- Oxygen saturation levels
- Vagal tone
- Plantar or palmar sweating
What are the key principles of pain assessment of children? (Think QUESTT).
Q = question the child
U = use a reliable and valid pain scale
E = evaluate the child's behavior and physiologic changes to establish a baseline and determine
the effectiveness of the intervention
S = secure the parent's involvement
T = take the cause of pain into account when intervening
T = take action
What are different pediatric pain assessment tools? What ages are each used for?
- FACES pain rating scale- ages 3+
- Oucher pain rating scale- 3+
- Visual analog and numeric scales- 3+
, - Poker chip tool
- Word-graphic rating scale- 8-15 YOs
- Adolescent pediatric pain tool- 8-15 YOs
What pediatric physiologic and behavioral pain assessment tools are used when a pt can't
express their pain?
- Neonate infant pain scale
- Riley infant pain scale
- Pain observation scale for young children
- CRIES scale for neonatal postoperative pain assessment
- FLACC behavioral scale for postoperative pain in young children
What does FLACC stand for?
F = face
L = legs
A = activity
C = cry
C = consolability
What are types of complementary therapies?
- Cutaneous stimulation- gently rubbing painful area, massaging the skin gently, holding/rocking
the child
- Sucrose solution- concentrated sucrose solution may be used as pain relief measure in preterm
and term infants up to 1 month old
- Guided imagery
- Relaxation techniques
- Breathing techniques
- Hypnosis
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Application of heat and cold
- Electroanalgesia (TENS)
- Acupuncture
