HNI 464 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORECT ANSWERS!!
What is cardiac output?
What makes up cardiac output?
- Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:
cardiac output.
- heart rate x stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one contraction
What makes up stroke volume?
preload, afterload, contractility
What is cardiac index?
- an assessment of the cardiac output value based on the pt's size
- CO/body surface area
What is preload?
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
What is afterload?
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
What is vascular resistance?
resistance of either systemic or pulmonary vascular bed
What increases preload?
aortic regurgitation, ventricular septal defect
What increases afterload?
HTN, aortic stenosis
,What decreases heart contractility?
MI, cardiomyopathy
What is the definition of heart failure?
Inability of the ventricles to pump sufficient blood to the tissues of the body to meet metabolic
demands
What results from heart failure?
- hypo-perfusion of vital organs
- increased pressure in the heart
- fluid overload
What causes HF?
Anything that interferes with the normal mechanisms that regulate CO. Changes to any of below
can lead to decreased ventricular function and result in HF:
- Preload
- Afterload
- Myocardial Contractility
- Heart Rate
Examples:
- MI
- CAD
- Congenital heart defects
- Idiopathic cardiomyopathy
- Valvular heart disease
- Thyrotoxicosis, anemia, hypoxia
What causes HF (think FAILURE)?
F - faulty heart valves
A - arrhythmias
I - infarction
, L - lineage (genetics)
U - uncontrolled HTN
R - recreational drug use
E - evaders (invaders)
For left sided heart failure, what's the difference between diastolic and systolic heart
failure?
Systolic- ventricles unable to eject blood properly (EF is low)
Diastolic- ventricle is very still and unable to fill properly (EF is normal)
What is ejection fraction? What is normal EF? What is the EF that qualifies for HF
diagnosis?
- EF = a measurment of how much blood the ventricle pumps out with each contraction
- Normal = 50% +
- HF = 40% or less
How can EF be measured?
- Echocardiogram
- Heart catheterization
- Nuclear stress test
What occurs with right sided heart failure?
- Right side of the heart is unable to pump blood it receives from body
- Blood backs up peripherally
- Hepatomegaly and ascites and JVD
What are clinical manifestations of left sided heart failure (think DROWNING)?
D - difficulty breathing
R - rales
O - orthopnea
W - weakness
CORECT ANSWERS!!
What is cardiac output?
What makes up cardiac output?
- Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:
cardiac output.
- heart rate x stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one contraction
What makes up stroke volume?
preload, afterload, contractility
What is cardiac index?
- an assessment of the cardiac output value based on the pt's size
- CO/body surface area
What is preload?
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
What is afterload?
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
What is vascular resistance?
resistance of either systemic or pulmonary vascular bed
What increases preload?
aortic regurgitation, ventricular septal defect
What increases afterload?
HTN, aortic stenosis
,What decreases heart contractility?
MI, cardiomyopathy
What is the definition of heart failure?
Inability of the ventricles to pump sufficient blood to the tissues of the body to meet metabolic
demands
What results from heart failure?
- hypo-perfusion of vital organs
- increased pressure in the heart
- fluid overload
What causes HF?
Anything that interferes with the normal mechanisms that regulate CO. Changes to any of below
can lead to decreased ventricular function and result in HF:
- Preload
- Afterload
- Myocardial Contractility
- Heart Rate
Examples:
- MI
- CAD
- Congenital heart defects
- Idiopathic cardiomyopathy
- Valvular heart disease
- Thyrotoxicosis, anemia, hypoxia
What causes HF (think FAILURE)?
F - faulty heart valves
A - arrhythmias
I - infarction
, L - lineage (genetics)
U - uncontrolled HTN
R - recreational drug use
E - evaders (invaders)
For left sided heart failure, what's the difference between diastolic and systolic heart
failure?
Systolic- ventricles unable to eject blood properly (EF is low)
Diastolic- ventricle is very still and unable to fill properly (EF is normal)
What is ejection fraction? What is normal EF? What is the EF that qualifies for HF
diagnosis?
- EF = a measurment of how much blood the ventricle pumps out with each contraction
- Normal = 50% +
- HF = 40% or less
How can EF be measured?
- Echocardiogram
- Heart catheterization
- Nuclear stress test
What occurs with right sided heart failure?
- Right side of the heart is unable to pump blood it receives from body
- Blood backs up peripherally
- Hepatomegaly and ascites and JVD
What are clinical manifestations of left sided heart failure (think DROWNING)?
D - difficulty breathing
R - rales
O - orthopnea
W - weakness
