PSYCH NAT EXAM 2 WITH ALL CORRECT & 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS|2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE EXAM|
ALREADY GRADED A+
Learning ✔Correct answer-- a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
- it occurs when an animal benefits from experience so that its behavior is better adapted to the
environment
- Learning theory arose in the early 20th century because psychologists were dissatisfied with he
widespread use of introspection
Tabula Rasa ✔Correct answer-- "blank slate"
- John Locke believed all babies were born as blank slates and they learn through sensory
experiences
John B. Watson ✔Correct answer-- Built off of John Locke's theory of tabula Rasa, Watson stated
founded behaviorism and stated that environment and its associated effects on animals were the
sole determinants of learning
Nonassociative Learning ✔Correct answer-- A response to something in the environment
- The simplest form of learning and it occurs after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event
- Example: You respond to a fire alarm by looking toward it
- The change in response to a stimulus is a form of learning
- Alterations in the function of the synapse lead to habituation and sensitization; for both types,
presynaptic neurons alter their neurotransmitter release. A reduction in neurotransmitter release
leads to habituation and an increase in neurotransmitter release leads to sensitization
Associative Learning ✔Correct answer-- The linking of two events that, in general take place one
right after the other
- Understanding how stimuli, or events, are related
- Associations develop through conditioning
- Example: you may associate going to the dentist with being in pain
Conditioning ✔Correct answer-- A process through which environmental stimuli and behavioral
responses become connected
Observational Learning ✔Correct answer-- Acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to
another individual performing that behavior
- Example: you may learn a new dance routine by watching a video on youtube
- You learn what to appreciate and what to fear by observing
Habituation ✔Correct answer-- A form of nonassociative learning
- It's a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
- You still perceive the stimuli, you just don't respond to them because you have learned that they
are not important
- The increase in a response because of a change in something familiar is "dishabituation"
Sensitization ✔Correct answer-- A second form of nonassociative learning
- It's an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus
, - The stimuli that most often lead to sensitization are those that are threatening or painful
- Example: If you are studying and smell something burning, you will not habituate to this smell, in
fact, you will focus even greater on the smell of smoke to see if there may be a fire
- In general, Sensitization leads to heightened responsiveness to other stimuli
How do we learn Predictive Associations? ✔Correct answer-- Through conditioning, the process
that connects environmental stimuli to behavior
- Example: if we're lost in the wilderness and desperately thirsty, we'll listen for the sound of running
water hoping to locate that sound and find the source
Classical Conditioning ✔Correct answer-- AKA Pavlovian Conditioning
- When a neutral stimulus elicits a response because it has become associated with a stimulus that
already produces that response
- In other words, you learn that one event predicts another
- Example: Certain music plays during scary scenes in movies, so now you feel anxious when you hear
that music
Ivan Pavlov ✔Correct answer-- The term Pavlovian was created by him
- Watson's work was based off Pavlov's work
- He studied the digestive system
- Pavlov was interested in the "Salivary reflex"
- The Salivary reflex is an unlearned response that occurs when a food stimulus is presented to a
hungry animal, including a human
- Very influenced by Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"
- Pavlov believed that conditioning was the basis for how animals learn to adapt to their
environments
Pavlov's Experiments ✔Correct answer-- A neutral stimulus unrelated to the salivary reflex, such as
the clicking of a metronome, is presented along with a stimulus that reliably produces the reflex,
such as food
- This pairing of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that reliably produces the reflex (in this case
salivation) is called the conditioning trial, and it is repeated a number of times
- Next, comes the test trials where only the metronome (neutral stimulus) is sounded and the
salivary reflex is measured
- Pavlov found that under these conditions, the sound of the metronome alone produced salivation
- This type of learning is now called classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning
- The salivation elicited by food is the unconditioned response (UR) because it is unlearned; it occurs
without prior training and is an automatic behavior
- The food is the unconditioned stimulus (US)
- The clicking of the metronome is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because only after training does it
cause salivation
- The conditioned response (CR) is the metronome sound that causes salivation, but only after
training; it's the increased salivation that occurs when only the conditioned stimulus is presented
- The CR is usually weaker than the UR, aka the metronome produces less saliva than the food does
- Pavlov concluded that the critical element in the acquisition of a learned association is that the
stimuli occur together in time, aka contiguity
- However, more research has shown that the strongest conditioning occurs when there is a brief
delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
- If the metronome appears several times without food, the dog will learn that it is no longer a
prediction of food and this process is known as extinction
VERIFIED ANSWERS|2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE EXAM|
ALREADY GRADED A+
Learning ✔Correct answer-- a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
- it occurs when an animal benefits from experience so that its behavior is better adapted to the
environment
- Learning theory arose in the early 20th century because psychologists were dissatisfied with he
widespread use of introspection
Tabula Rasa ✔Correct answer-- "blank slate"
- John Locke believed all babies were born as blank slates and they learn through sensory
experiences
John B. Watson ✔Correct answer-- Built off of John Locke's theory of tabula Rasa, Watson stated
founded behaviorism and stated that environment and its associated effects on animals were the
sole determinants of learning
Nonassociative Learning ✔Correct answer-- A response to something in the environment
- The simplest form of learning and it occurs after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event
- Example: You respond to a fire alarm by looking toward it
- The change in response to a stimulus is a form of learning
- Alterations in the function of the synapse lead to habituation and sensitization; for both types,
presynaptic neurons alter their neurotransmitter release. A reduction in neurotransmitter release
leads to habituation and an increase in neurotransmitter release leads to sensitization
Associative Learning ✔Correct answer-- The linking of two events that, in general take place one
right after the other
- Understanding how stimuli, or events, are related
- Associations develop through conditioning
- Example: you may associate going to the dentist with being in pain
Conditioning ✔Correct answer-- A process through which environmental stimuli and behavioral
responses become connected
Observational Learning ✔Correct answer-- Acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to
another individual performing that behavior
- Example: you may learn a new dance routine by watching a video on youtube
- You learn what to appreciate and what to fear by observing
Habituation ✔Correct answer-- A form of nonassociative learning
- It's a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
- You still perceive the stimuli, you just don't respond to them because you have learned that they
are not important
- The increase in a response because of a change in something familiar is "dishabituation"
Sensitization ✔Correct answer-- A second form of nonassociative learning
- It's an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus
, - The stimuli that most often lead to sensitization are those that are threatening or painful
- Example: If you are studying and smell something burning, you will not habituate to this smell, in
fact, you will focus even greater on the smell of smoke to see if there may be a fire
- In general, Sensitization leads to heightened responsiveness to other stimuli
How do we learn Predictive Associations? ✔Correct answer-- Through conditioning, the process
that connects environmental stimuli to behavior
- Example: if we're lost in the wilderness and desperately thirsty, we'll listen for the sound of running
water hoping to locate that sound and find the source
Classical Conditioning ✔Correct answer-- AKA Pavlovian Conditioning
- When a neutral stimulus elicits a response because it has become associated with a stimulus that
already produces that response
- In other words, you learn that one event predicts another
- Example: Certain music plays during scary scenes in movies, so now you feel anxious when you hear
that music
Ivan Pavlov ✔Correct answer-- The term Pavlovian was created by him
- Watson's work was based off Pavlov's work
- He studied the digestive system
- Pavlov was interested in the "Salivary reflex"
- The Salivary reflex is an unlearned response that occurs when a food stimulus is presented to a
hungry animal, including a human
- Very influenced by Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"
- Pavlov believed that conditioning was the basis for how animals learn to adapt to their
environments
Pavlov's Experiments ✔Correct answer-- A neutral stimulus unrelated to the salivary reflex, such as
the clicking of a metronome, is presented along with a stimulus that reliably produces the reflex,
such as food
- This pairing of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that reliably produces the reflex (in this case
salivation) is called the conditioning trial, and it is repeated a number of times
- Next, comes the test trials where only the metronome (neutral stimulus) is sounded and the
salivary reflex is measured
- Pavlov found that under these conditions, the sound of the metronome alone produced salivation
- This type of learning is now called classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning
- The salivation elicited by food is the unconditioned response (UR) because it is unlearned; it occurs
without prior training and is an automatic behavior
- The food is the unconditioned stimulus (US)
- The clicking of the metronome is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because only after training does it
cause salivation
- The conditioned response (CR) is the metronome sound that causes salivation, but only after
training; it's the increased salivation that occurs when only the conditioned stimulus is presented
- The CR is usually weaker than the UR, aka the metronome produces less saliva than the food does
- Pavlov concluded that the critical element in the acquisition of a learned association is that the
stimuli occur together in time, aka contiguity
- However, more research has shown that the strongest conditioning occurs when there is a brief
delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
- If the metronome appears several times without food, the dog will learn that it is no longer a
prediction of food and this process is known as extinction
