Ace the NUR 445 Exam! 2025 Final Test Prep – Verified Questions & Detailed Correct Answers | Full Exam Resource (A+ Guaranteed)

Ace the NUR 445 Exam! 2025 Final Test Prep – Verified Questions & Detailed Correct Answers | Full Exam Resource (A+ Guaranteed) What are s/sx of flail chest? - ANSWER paradoxical movement of the chest wall, crepitus, hypoxemia, extreme pain with inspiration and expiration What are some nursing cares for patients suffering from flail chest? - ANSWER assess breathing pattern, auscultate lung sounds, monitor oxygenation status, may require mechanical ventilation What oxygen device would be used for a patient who is retaining CO2? - ANSWER Venturi mask What are s/sx of hypoglycemia? - ANSWER sweating, tremors, hunger, confusion, slurred speech, seizures How do we treat hypoglycemia? - ANSWER If conscious: -3 to 4 glucose tablets or 4 to 6 ounces of juice If unconscious: -subcutaneous or intramuscular glucagon or 25-50 mL D50 IV What are some concerns with hyperglycemia s/p surgery? - ANSWER surgery can trigger a stress response which increases blood glucose levels treat with IV insulin until controlled at 180 mg/dL What are s/sx of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)? - ANSWER polyuria (3L/day lost) polydipsia (2-20L of fluid/day) What are lab results expected for patient with DI? - ANSWER Electrolytes are usually elevated Specific gravity = 1.001-1.005 Fluid deprivation test: -urine production -electrolyte levels -weight Vasopressin test: -urine osmolality 30-60 minutes after subcutaneous injection of vasopressin What are s/sx of SIADH? - ANSWER hyponatremia What are the s/sx of 2nd degree heart block Mobitz I (Wenckebach)? - ANSWER most don't experience symptoms if they do, usually is lightheadedness and dizziness irregular heart rhythm, rate may vary, normal P waves, progressive lengthening of PRI, some P waves not followed by QRS, usually normal QRS What is the treatment for 2nd degree heart block Mobitz I? - ANSWER Generally no treatment necessary Treat underlying cause, monitor, possibly pace What are the s/sx of 2nd degree heart block Mobitz II? - ANSWER Fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, presyncope, syncope, sudden cardiac arrest irregular rhythm, varying rate, normal size and shape of P waves, some P waves not followed by QRS, normal or prolonged PRI BUT always constant for conducted beats, usually normal QRS but absent at times, atria/junction is still telling ventricle what to do What is the treatment for 2nd degree Mobitz II? - ANSWER O2 if needed, may need pacing, correct underlying cause What are the s/sx of 3rd degree heart block (complete)? - ANSWER light-headedness, dizziness, fainting, fatigue, chest pain, bradycardia ventricles fire own impulse (wide and wacky), atrial and ventricular rates are independently regular, atrial rate = 60-100, ventricular rate = 20-40, p waves are normal but not related to QRS, no PRI due to dissociation, QRS depends on level of escape rhythm What is the treatment for 3rd degree heart block? - ANSWER Call for help CPR/ACLS as needed O2 Pacing What is cardiac tamponade? - ANSWER accumulation of blood/fluid around pericardial space What is a characteristic sign of cardiac tamponade? - ANSWER Pulsus paradoxus -Patient takes a deep breath in and SBP drops 10 mmHg Beck's Triad -Muffled heart sounds -JVD -Hypotension How do we diagnose cardiogenic shock? - ANSWER SBP of 90 for 30 min Wedge 15 mmHg CI 2.2L/minute/m^2 What are s/sx of HF/cardiogenic shock? - ANSWER crackles in lungs, generalized edema, JVD, increased wedge pressure How do we treat cardiogenic shock? - ANSWER vasopressors, vasodilators, inotropes (goal is to increase BP and CO) Preload - ANSWER The pressure or stretch exerted on the walls of the ventricle by the VOLUME of blood filling the ventricle at the end of diastole What pressures are associated with preload? - ANSWER RAP or CVP PAWP Afterload - ANSWER Pressure or RESISTANCE the ventricle has to overcome to open the aortic or pulmonic valves to eject the blood into the systemic or pulmonary circulation What pressures are associated with afterload? - ANSWER SVR PVR What is the normal CVP or RAP? - ANSWER 2-6 mmHg What does it mean if the CVP is high/low? - ANSWER High = fluid volume overload Low = fluid volume deficit -Deficit could be absolute = dehydration -Deficit could be relative = third-spacing What is the normal range for MAP? - ANSWER 70-90 mmHg What is the normal wedge (PAWP) pressure? - ANSWER 4-12 mmHg What is the normal SVR? - ANSWER 900-1400 dynes/sec/cm^5 What does it mean if the SVR is high or low? - ANSWER High = vasoconstriction (treat with nitro) Low = vasodilated (treat with vasopressors) What is the normal pulmonary artery systolic (PAS) pressure and pulmonary artery diastolic (PAD) pressures? - ANSWER PAS = 20-30 mmHg PAD = 8-15 mmHg What are the PA pressures affected by? - ANSWER Pulmonary HTN, lung disease, PE, hypoxemia Hypertensive Urgency criteria - ANSWER 180/110-120 or DBP 120 no organ damage asymptomatic What is the treatment for hypertensive urgency? - ANSWER oral anti-hypertensives