Fluid, Electrolytes, and Thermoregulation Concepts
Exam [2025-2026] Review QUESTIONS AND ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS
100% SOLVED AND GUARANTEED SUCCESS!!
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) - answer--2/3 of total body water, inside cells,
high in K+ and phosphate.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - answer--1/3 of total body water, includes
interstitial fluid, plasma (intravascular), and transcellular fluid. High in
Na+ and Cl-.
Functions of Body Fluids - answer--Transport nutrients, regulate
temperature, maintain blood volume, remove waste.
Osmosis - answer--Water moves from low solute concentration to high.
Diffusion - answer--Solutes move from high to low concentration.
Filtration - answer--Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries.
Active Transport - answer--Requires ATP to move substances against the
concentration gradient (e.g., Na+/K+ pump).
, Sodium (Na⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 135-145 mEq/L; Function:
Nerve/muscle function, fluid balance; Signs of Imbalance:
Hyponatremia: Confusion, seizures, weakness, nausea. Hypernatremia:
Thirst, dry mucosa, confusion.
Potassium (K⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L; Function:
Muscle/heart contraction; Signs of Imbalance: Hypokalemia: Weakness,
arrhythmias, cramps. Hyperkalemia: Peaked T waves, cardiac arrest.
Calcium (Ca²⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 8.6-10.2 mg/dL; Function: Bone
health, muscle function; Signs of Imbalance: Hypocalcemia: Tetany,
Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs, spasms. Hypercalcemia: Lethargy,
kidney stones.
Magnesium (Mg²⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 1.3-2.3 mEq/L; Function:
Neuromuscular function; Signs of Imbalance: Hypomagnesemia:
Seizures, tremors. Hypermagnesemia: Hypotension, bradycardia.
Phosphate (PO4³⁻) - answer--Normal Range: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL; Function:
ATP production, bone health; Signs of Imbalance: Hypophosphatemia:
Muscle weakness, confusion. Hyperphosphatemia: Tetany, soft tissue
calcifications.
Exam [2025-2026] Review QUESTIONS AND ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS
100% SOLVED AND GUARANTEED SUCCESS!!
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) - answer--2/3 of total body water, inside cells,
high in K+ and phosphate.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - answer--1/3 of total body water, includes
interstitial fluid, plasma (intravascular), and transcellular fluid. High in
Na+ and Cl-.
Functions of Body Fluids - answer--Transport nutrients, regulate
temperature, maintain blood volume, remove waste.
Osmosis - answer--Water moves from low solute concentration to high.
Diffusion - answer--Solutes move from high to low concentration.
Filtration - answer--Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries.
Active Transport - answer--Requires ATP to move substances against the
concentration gradient (e.g., Na+/K+ pump).
, Sodium (Na⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 135-145 mEq/L; Function:
Nerve/muscle function, fluid balance; Signs of Imbalance:
Hyponatremia: Confusion, seizures, weakness, nausea. Hypernatremia:
Thirst, dry mucosa, confusion.
Potassium (K⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L; Function:
Muscle/heart contraction; Signs of Imbalance: Hypokalemia: Weakness,
arrhythmias, cramps. Hyperkalemia: Peaked T waves, cardiac arrest.
Calcium (Ca²⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 8.6-10.2 mg/dL; Function: Bone
health, muscle function; Signs of Imbalance: Hypocalcemia: Tetany,
Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs, spasms. Hypercalcemia: Lethargy,
kidney stones.
Magnesium (Mg²⁺) - answer--Normal Range: 1.3-2.3 mEq/L; Function:
Neuromuscular function; Signs of Imbalance: Hypomagnesemia:
Seizures, tremors. Hypermagnesemia: Hypotension, bradycardia.
Phosphate (PO4³⁻) - answer--Normal Range: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL; Function:
ATP production, bone health; Signs of Imbalance: Hypophosphatemia:
Muscle weakness, confusion. Hyperphosphatemia: Tetany, soft tissue
calcifications.
