EEOB 3310 Exam -2 Exam With Correct Solutions

EEOB 3310 Exam #2 Exam With
Correct Solutions




Heterogameticism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Females are heterogametic or XY or ZW and, in reptiles,
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temperature can impact this.
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Males are heterogametic or XY.
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Major Transitions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Occurrences in time that set the stage for the evolution of
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cellular and multicellular forms.
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1) Molecular replication (ribozymes).
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2) Information storage and transmission
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3) Segregation of (1) and (2)
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4) Prokaryotes to eukaryotes (Margulies)
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5) Unicellular to multicellular
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6) Solitary life to multigenerational colonies (Hamilton)
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,Criteria for Complexity - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Genome size--the total number of genes in an organism.
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Gene copy number--due to duplications that could lead to new functions.
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Protein coding genes. j j




Cell types--increasingly elaborate developmental programs.
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Genetic networks--gene x gene, cell x cell interactions.
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Structural organization--interaction between parts of the organism.
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Genes to Genomes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Genes encode info for making "things."
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Genome is the total heritable material of an organism.
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-Chromosomes(s) and plasmids j j




DNA in most cases, but many viruses use RNA.
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-eukaryotes; double-stranded DNA, linear. j j j




-bacteria: dsDNA, circular, occasionally linear. j j j j




-viruses: single-stranded, dsDNA, ss/dsRNA, linear, circular, segmented
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Genome Size and Species Complexity - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔C-value: amount of DNA in a haploid gamete
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(pg).
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-a way to estimate genome size for comparisons.
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Noncoding DNA (ncDNA): DNA that does not code for proteins. j j j j j j j j j




-some organisms have more ncDNA than others.
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-vertebrates have large genomic regions of unknown function or so called 'junk DNA'
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-~1.5% of human genome is protein coding.
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Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project has asserted that 80% of the genome is 'functional'
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(although they've only experimentally looked at <10% of the genome).
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, -which implies that these regions are likely under purifying selection even though no detectable expression
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or protein binding is observed.
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Further experimental work is needed and ongoing to determine how these noncoding regions are (or are
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not and not deleterious!) contributing to host fitness.
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Factors:

-transposable elements j




-replication rate j




-cell size j




"tug of war"--between increasing and decreasing in size due to either an acquisition of non homologous
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genes and gene duplication or a loss of DNA segments and gene inactivation forming pseudogenes that then
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are lost by deletional bias.
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Underlying regulation of gene expression can account for phenotypic complexity.
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Sigma factors (regulate transcription of genes)
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-endosymbionts: 1-2 j




--stable conditions w/ little metabolic variation
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-Streptomyces and Bacillus: >15 j j j




--expression finely tuned to respond to intra/excellular stimuli
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Viral Genomes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Small..why (esp. RNA)?
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-linear or circular j j




-fragmented

--independent evolutionary trajectories j j