Laboratory Exercise 10: Animal Diversity III
Phyla Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata
Biology II Laboratory BSC1011L Authors: BJ AG NB RE AN SF BE Date:30march24______________________________________________
Material is also covered in Chapters 33 and 34 of Campbell Biology, 12th Ed., Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky and Orr. Page
numbers refer to Chapter 7 in A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory, 8th edition.
Group Members: ________________________________ ______________________________________
_________________________________________ _________________________________________
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. The organisms you have examined over the last few weeks have evolved over 2500 million (2.5 billion) years.
This time is divided into geological time periods.
2. Several major clades are recognized
• Deuterostomes share four embryonic characteristics that allow for the development of complex organs and
organ systems. These vary from protostome and are:
Protostome development Deuterostome development
Cleavage of Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage
embryo Determinate cleavage Indeterminate cleavage
Coelom formation Coelom forms from a split in mesoderm Coelom forms from out pocketing of
during gastrulation and adjacent to the blastopore mesoderm in archenteron and
opposite of the blastopore
Fate of blastopore Mouth develops from blastopore Anus develops from blastopore
• Echinoderms (“spiny skin”) consist of 5 diverse clades, are bilateral as larvae but often pentaradial as
adults, have the unique water vascular system and tube feet, are slow moving or sessile, and marine.
• Chordates (phylum) share four unique characters that can be found in the embryos and some adults
o a notochord
Lab 10: Animal diversity III-Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
o a dorsal hollow nerve cord
o pharyngeal slits
o post-anal tail
o These characters provide a spine for movement (initially swimming), and protection of a central
nerve for communication and coordination of body parts. Many chordates are also Craniate,
having a head that allows for the protection and development of a larger brain.
• Vertebrates (clade Vertebrata) have a distinct head and vertebral column that allows for complex
movement.
• Tetrapods have four limbs which allow easy movement on land and invasion of terrestrial environments.
• Amniotes have a membrane, the amnion that encloses and protects the embryo. This is an adaptation of the
egg to dry terrestrial environments and allows them to be independent of aquatic environments.
3. The rat has an internal anatomy similar to humans. Dissection of the rat will allow you to see, on a small scale,
what your own internal anatomy looks like.
1
,SKILLS YOU SHOULD MASTER BY THE END OF THE LAB:
1. Show an understanding of the evolutionary diversity of form among deuterostomes and their defining
characteristics including the four differences in embryonic development.
2. Show an understanding of the phyla Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata. Be familiar with the
representative organisms, especially those on display in the class. You should be able to recognize the clade
names identified in bold. Be sure to recognize the characteristic of the chordates, vertebrates, tetrapods, and
amniotes.
3. Be able to demonstrate knowledge of external and internal anatomy of the rat.
4. Describe the significant evolutionary adaptations that allowed the great diversity of animal form including type
of symmetry, presence of tissues, developmental characters, and major clade names.
VOCABULARY:
Aristotle’s lantern Proboscis, collar, trunk Endoskeleton
Pentaradial Notochord Amniote
Aboral/oral Dorsal hollow nerve cord Ectothermic
Ambulacral grooves Pharyngeal slits Endothermic
Madreporite Post-anal tail Names of specimen groups
Water vascular system Invertebrate
Tube feet Tetrapod
The material we will examine today:
Clade Bilateria
Clade Ecdysozoa (protostomes): Roundworms (Nematoda) and Arthropods
Clade Lophotrochozoa (protostomes): Flatworms (Platyhelminthes), Mollusks, and Annelids
Clade Deuterostomia (deuterostomes and coelomates)
I. Echinodermata (Figs 7.181- Asteroidea: sea stars and sea daisies Specimens
7.197) is a phylum with 5 classes. Echinoidea: sea urchins, sand dollars Specimens
Lab 10: Animal diversity III-Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
Ophiuroidea: brittle stars Specimens
Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers Specimens
Crinoidea: sea lilies and feather stars Photos
II. Hemichordata (phylum) Represented by the acorn worm (Figs 7.198-7.201) Specimens
III. Chordata (Figs 7.202-7.266; phylum with 4 characteristics including a notochord)
Cephalochordata: lancelets or genus Amphioxus Specimen
Urochordata: tunicates Specimens
Vertebrata: Chordates with a backbone
Hagfishes and Lampreys (Cyclostomes): vertebrates without jaws, backbone Specimen
Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws)
Chondrichthyes (the cartilaginous fishes-sharks, skates, rays) Specimens
Osteichthyes: organisms with bones rather than cartilage
Ray-finned fishes (Actinoptergii) Specimens Specimens
Lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii): lung fishes, coelacanth
Tetrapods (organisms with four “feet”) This is a clade.
Amphibia: frogs, salamanders, caecilians Specimens
Amniotes: animals with a terrestrially adapted amniotic egg
Reptiles (includes the birds) Specimens
Birds (Aves) Specimens
Mammalia: amniotes that provide milk Dissection
2
, Phylogenetic tree of the animals. Identify the tissue types, type of symmetry, type of development, and clade
names below on the tree. Start at the base, or bottom of the tree with number 1, and work up to number 4.
4. Clade names:
• Ecdysozoa
• Lophotrochozoa
4 4 4
• Deuterostomia
3. Type of development
(cleavage, blastopore)
3 3 • Deuterostomes
• Protostomes
2 2 2. Type of symmetry:
2
• Asymmetrical
Lab 10: Animal diversity III-Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
• Radial
• Bilateral (clade Bilateria)
1 1
1. Tissue types:
• No true tissues
• True tissues
3
Phyla Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata
Biology II Laboratory BSC1011L Authors: BJ AG NB RE AN SF BE Date:30march24______________________________________________
Material is also covered in Chapters 33 and 34 of Campbell Biology, 12th Ed., Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky and Orr. Page
numbers refer to Chapter 7 in A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory, 8th edition.
Group Members: ________________________________ ______________________________________
_________________________________________ _________________________________________
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. The organisms you have examined over the last few weeks have evolved over 2500 million (2.5 billion) years.
This time is divided into geological time periods.
2. Several major clades are recognized
• Deuterostomes share four embryonic characteristics that allow for the development of complex organs and
organ systems. These vary from protostome and are:
Protostome development Deuterostome development
Cleavage of Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage
embryo Determinate cleavage Indeterminate cleavage
Coelom formation Coelom forms from a split in mesoderm Coelom forms from out pocketing of
during gastrulation and adjacent to the blastopore mesoderm in archenteron and
opposite of the blastopore
Fate of blastopore Mouth develops from blastopore Anus develops from blastopore
• Echinoderms (“spiny skin”) consist of 5 diverse clades, are bilateral as larvae but often pentaradial as
adults, have the unique water vascular system and tube feet, are slow moving or sessile, and marine.
• Chordates (phylum) share four unique characters that can be found in the embryos and some adults
o a notochord
Lab 10: Animal diversity III-Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
o a dorsal hollow nerve cord
o pharyngeal slits
o post-anal tail
o These characters provide a spine for movement (initially swimming), and protection of a central
nerve for communication and coordination of body parts. Many chordates are also Craniate,
having a head that allows for the protection and development of a larger brain.
• Vertebrates (clade Vertebrata) have a distinct head and vertebral column that allows for complex
movement.
• Tetrapods have four limbs which allow easy movement on land and invasion of terrestrial environments.
• Amniotes have a membrane, the amnion that encloses and protects the embryo. This is an adaptation of the
egg to dry terrestrial environments and allows them to be independent of aquatic environments.
3. The rat has an internal anatomy similar to humans. Dissection of the rat will allow you to see, on a small scale,
what your own internal anatomy looks like.
1
,SKILLS YOU SHOULD MASTER BY THE END OF THE LAB:
1. Show an understanding of the evolutionary diversity of form among deuterostomes and their defining
characteristics including the four differences in embryonic development.
2. Show an understanding of the phyla Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata. Be familiar with the
representative organisms, especially those on display in the class. You should be able to recognize the clade
names identified in bold. Be sure to recognize the characteristic of the chordates, vertebrates, tetrapods, and
amniotes.
3. Be able to demonstrate knowledge of external and internal anatomy of the rat.
4. Describe the significant evolutionary adaptations that allowed the great diversity of animal form including type
of symmetry, presence of tissues, developmental characters, and major clade names.
VOCABULARY:
Aristotle’s lantern Proboscis, collar, trunk Endoskeleton
Pentaradial Notochord Amniote
Aboral/oral Dorsal hollow nerve cord Ectothermic
Ambulacral grooves Pharyngeal slits Endothermic
Madreporite Post-anal tail Names of specimen groups
Water vascular system Invertebrate
Tube feet Tetrapod
The material we will examine today:
Clade Bilateria
Clade Ecdysozoa (protostomes): Roundworms (Nematoda) and Arthropods
Clade Lophotrochozoa (protostomes): Flatworms (Platyhelminthes), Mollusks, and Annelids
Clade Deuterostomia (deuterostomes and coelomates)
I. Echinodermata (Figs 7.181- Asteroidea: sea stars and sea daisies Specimens
7.197) is a phylum with 5 classes. Echinoidea: sea urchins, sand dollars Specimens
Lab 10: Animal diversity III-Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
Ophiuroidea: brittle stars Specimens
Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers Specimens
Crinoidea: sea lilies and feather stars Photos
II. Hemichordata (phylum) Represented by the acorn worm (Figs 7.198-7.201) Specimens
III. Chordata (Figs 7.202-7.266; phylum with 4 characteristics including a notochord)
Cephalochordata: lancelets or genus Amphioxus Specimen
Urochordata: tunicates Specimens
Vertebrata: Chordates with a backbone
Hagfishes and Lampreys (Cyclostomes): vertebrates without jaws, backbone Specimen
Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws)
Chondrichthyes (the cartilaginous fishes-sharks, skates, rays) Specimens
Osteichthyes: organisms with bones rather than cartilage
Ray-finned fishes (Actinoptergii) Specimens Specimens
Lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii): lung fishes, coelacanth
Tetrapods (organisms with four “feet”) This is a clade.
Amphibia: frogs, salamanders, caecilians Specimens
Amniotes: animals with a terrestrially adapted amniotic egg
Reptiles (includes the birds) Specimens
Birds (Aves) Specimens
Mammalia: amniotes that provide milk Dissection
2
, Phylogenetic tree of the animals. Identify the tissue types, type of symmetry, type of development, and clade
names below on the tree. Start at the base, or bottom of the tree with number 1, and work up to number 4.
4. Clade names:
• Ecdysozoa
• Lophotrochozoa
4 4 4
• Deuterostomia
3. Type of development
(cleavage, blastopore)
3 3 • Deuterostomes
• Protostomes
2 2 2. Type of symmetry:
2
• Asymmetrical
Lab 10: Animal diversity III-Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata
• Radial
• Bilateral (clade Bilateria)
1 1
1. Tissue types:
• No true tissues
• True tissues
3
