BIOLOGY PROCTORED COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SHEET
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔anaphase - ✔✔During which phase of mitosis does the two copies of each
chromosome separate from each other and begin to move to opposite poles?
✔✔metastasis - ✔✔What is the process by which cancer cells travel through lymph of
blood and start tumors in new locations of the body?
✔✔telomere - ✔✔What is a repeating DNA sequence found on the ends of
chromosomes that acts as a "cap" that encourages chromosomal stability?
✔✔46 - ✔✔How many chromosomes are located in a single human somatic cell?
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔What occurs in cells especially set aside for reproduction, but not in
somatic cells?
✔✔prophase 1 - ✔✔In meiosis, the exchange of genetic material between nonsister
chromatids occurs during what?
✔✔zygote - ✔✔The first cell that's informed when two gametes come together at
fertilization is called what?
✔✔four - ✔✔How many daughter cells result when a cell undergoes the process of
meiosis?
✔✔23 - ✔✔How many chromosomes are located in a single human gamete cell?
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔Which process occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?
✔✔heterozygous - ✔✔If an individual's alleles for a certain trait aren't identical, the
individual is said to be what?
✔✔all would have curly hair - ✔✔The allele for curly hair dominates the allele for
straight hair. If a homozygous man with straight hair, marries a homozygous curly-
haired woman, we would expect their children to display which phenotypes?
✔✔all offsping will be brown with curly hair - ✔✔What would result if two terriers are
homozygous for both brown and curly hair alleles?
✔✔brown displays incomplete dominance over red - ✔✔If two terriers produced pups
that were reddish brown with curly hair, what does that mean?
,✔✔all of the offspring will be orange - ✔✔What outcome would you expect if you cross
a homozygous red tulip with a homozygous yellow tulip if red is incompletely dominant
over yellow?
✔✔x-linked - ✔✔Genes that can be passed on to offspring by a female carrier are
what?
✔✔environmental effect on gene expressions - ✔✔The ability of primroses with the
same genotype to express different phenotypes for flower color is an example of?
✔✔mRNA - ✔✔Which type of RNA carries the instructions for building proteins?
✔✔uracil - ✔✔Which one of the following bases occurs only in RNA?
✔✔semiconservative - ✔✔In DNA replication, one of the two old strands of DNA
remains as it was...so the DNA replication is called...what?
✔✔complementary base pairing - ✔✔The Watson and Crick model of DNA led to the
discovery of what?
✔✔AT, GC - ✔✔Which one of the following examples is the correct base pairing for
DNA?
✔✔ligase - ✔✔During DNA replication, enzymes called DNA ________ help fill in the
gaps between the portions of replicated DNA to form a continuous strand.
✔✔ATCCAGT - ✔✔What DNA strand is a complement to TAGGTCA?
✔✔frameshift - ✔✔If a codon triplet makes no sense in respect to any protein used by
the organism, its called what mutation?
✔✔genome - ✔✔The sequence of all of the base pairs that compose the genes and
intergenic DNA segments of an organism is called a what?
✔✔operon - ✔✔What is a DNA sequence that controls transcription in a prokaryote?
✔✔euchromatin - ✔✔Loosely packed chromatin in eukaryotic cells is called what?
✔✔factors - ✔✔In eukaryotes, transcription __________ are DNA-binding proteins that
assist RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter.
✔✔a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein - ✔✔In general, a cell-signalling
pathway begins when?
, ✔✔therapeutic - ✔✔What kind of cloning refers to producing cells that might be used to
repair spinal tissue injuries?
✔✔vectors - ✔✔What acts as carriers for foreign DNA?
✔✔polymerase chain reaction - ✔✔The first step of what process denatures DNA at 95
degrees Celsius to separate the strands?
✔✔proteomics - ✔✔What is crucial to the development of new drugs?
✔✔soybeans - ✔✔94% of __________ in the United States is/are genetically
engineered?
✔✔bovine growth hormone - ✔✔What gene has been used to create larger fish and
rabbits?
✔✔dna microarray - ✔✔What can be used to test DNA samples for known disease-
causing mutated alleles?
✔✔placenta - ✔✔Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) involves drawing tissue samples from
the region where the __________ will develop.
✔✔gene therapy - ✔✔What is the process of transferring normal or modified genes into
an individual in an attempt to correct some type of genetic defect?
✔✔down syndrome - ✔✔A karyotype of a fetus finds that there are three number 21
chromosomes. This child will be afflicted with what?
✔✔deletion - ✔✔Williams syndrome results when a/an ______ occurs in chromosome
7?
✔✔organisms compete for limited resources - ✔✔What is required for natural selection
to occur?
✔✔over generations, a larger portion exhibits favorable adaptations - ✔✔How can you
tell a population is evolving?
✔✔vestigal - ✔✔Humans have a tailbone but no tell, what kind of structure is this?
✔✔artificial - ✔✔From Darwin's point of view, when humans breed cattle for certain
traits, they're engaged in what kind of selection?
✔✔survival of the fittest - ✔✔As a result of reading Thomas Malthus on the topic of
human population increase, Darwin came up with what concept?
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔anaphase - ✔✔During which phase of mitosis does the two copies of each
chromosome separate from each other and begin to move to opposite poles?
✔✔metastasis - ✔✔What is the process by which cancer cells travel through lymph of
blood and start tumors in new locations of the body?
✔✔telomere - ✔✔What is a repeating DNA sequence found on the ends of
chromosomes that acts as a "cap" that encourages chromosomal stability?
✔✔46 - ✔✔How many chromosomes are located in a single human somatic cell?
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔What occurs in cells especially set aside for reproduction, but not in
somatic cells?
✔✔prophase 1 - ✔✔In meiosis, the exchange of genetic material between nonsister
chromatids occurs during what?
✔✔zygote - ✔✔The first cell that's informed when two gametes come together at
fertilization is called what?
✔✔four - ✔✔How many daughter cells result when a cell undergoes the process of
meiosis?
✔✔23 - ✔✔How many chromosomes are located in a single human gamete cell?
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔Which process occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?
✔✔heterozygous - ✔✔If an individual's alleles for a certain trait aren't identical, the
individual is said to be what?
✔✔all would have curly hair - ✔✔The allele for curly hair dominates the allele for
straight hair. If a homozygous man with straight hair, marries a homozygous curly-
haired woman, we would expect their children to display which phenotypes?
✔✔all offsping will be brown with curly hair - ✔✔What would result if two terriers are
homozygous for both brown and curly hair alleles?
✔✔brown displays incomplete dominance over red - ✔✔If two terriers produced pups
that were reddish brown with curly hair, what does that mean?
,✔✔all of the offspring will be orange - ✔✔What outcome would you expect if you cross
a homozygous red tulip with a homozygous yellow tulip if red is incompletely dominant
over yellow?
✔✔x-linked - ✔✔Genes that can be passed on to offspring by a female carrier are
what?
✔✔environmental effect on gene expressions - ✔✔The ability of primroses with the
same genotype to express different phenotypes for flower color is an example of?
✔✔mRNA - ✔✔Which type of RNA carries the instructions for building proteins?
✔✔uracil - ✔✔Which one of the following bases occurs only in RNA?
✔✔semiconservative - ✔✔In DNA replication, one of the two old strands of DNA
remains as it was...so the DNA replication is called...what?
✔✔complementary base pairing - ✔✔The Watson and Crick model of DNA led to the
discovery of what?
✔✔AT, GC - ✔✔Which one of the following examples is the correct base pairing for
DNA?
✔✔ligase - ✔✔During DNA replication, enzymes called DNA ________ help fill in the
gaps between the portions of replicated DNA to form a continuous strand.
✔✔ATCCAGT - ✔✔What DNA strand is a complement to TAGGTCA?
✔✔frameshift - ✔✔If a codon triplet makes no sense in respect to any protein used by
the organism, its called what mutation?
✔✔genome - ✔✔The sequence of all of the base pairs that compose the genes and
intergenic DNA segments of an organism is called a what?
✔✔operon - ✔✔What is a DNA sequence that controls transcription in a prokaryote?
✔✔euchromatin - ✔✔Loosely packed chromatin in eukaryotic cells is called what?
✔✔factors - ✔✔In eukaryotes, transcription __________ are DNA-binding proteins that
assist RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter.
✔✔a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein - ✔✔In general, a cell-signalling
pathway begins when?
, ✔✔therapeutic - ✔✔What kind of cloning refers to producing cells that might be used to
repair spinal tissue injuries?
✔✔vectors - ✔✔What acts as carriers for foreign DNA?
✔✔polymerase chain reaction - ✔✔The first step of what process denatures DNA at 95
degrees Celsius to separate the strands?
✔✔proteomics - ✔✔What is crucial to the development of new drugs?
✔✔soybeans - ✔✔94% of __________ in the United States is/are genetically
engineered?
✔✔bovine growth hormone - ✔✔What gene has been used to create larger fish and
rabbits?
✔✔dna microarray - ✔✔What can be used to test DNA samples for known disease-
causing mutated alleles?
✔✔placenta - ✔✔Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) involves drawing tissue samples from
the region where the __________ will develop.
✔✔gene therapy - ✔✔What is the process of transferring normal or modified genes into
an individual in an attempt to correct some type of genetic defect?
✔✔down syndrome - ✔✔A karyotype of a fetus finds that there are three number 21
chromosomes. This child will be afflicted with what?
✔✔deletion - ✔✔Williams syndrome results when a/an ______ occurs in chromosome
7?
✔✔organisms compete for limited resources - ✔✔What is required for natural selection
to occur?
✔✔over generations, a larger portion exhibits favorable adaptations - ✔✔How can you
tell a population is evolving?
✔✔vestigal - ✔✔Humans have a tailbone but no tell, what kind of structure is this?
✔✔artificial - ✔✔From Darwin's point of view, when humans breed cattle for certain
traits, they're engaged in what kind of selection?
✔✔survival of the fittest - ✔✔As a result of reading Thomas Malthus on the topic of
human population increase, Darwin came up with what concept?
