Chapter 18-Infectious Diseases
Affecting the Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems
In the Middle Ages, during a massive plague pandemic, one of the control measures
officials instituted was the quarantine of infected people. Why was this not
successful? - ANS because humans weren't the primary means of transmission of
the plague, fleas and rats carried the disease
What characteristics make tularemia a potential bioweapon? - ANS because its
infectious dose is very low and it can be disseminated via the aerosol route. The
illness develops very quickly, usually in 3 to 5 days
Ehrlichiosis - ANS ticks
Endocarditis - ANS inflammation of the endocardium, usually due to the infection of
the valves of the heart
Explain the differences between the epidemiology of AIDS in the United States and
in
the developing world. - ANS it is transmitted through heterosexual intercourse in
most developing countries. In the U.S., most are due to male to male sexual contact
and injection drug use
HIV Infection and AIDS - ANS symptoms directly tied to the level of virus in the
blood versus the level of T cells in the blood
Lyme disease is most likely to occur in
a. North Dakota
b. Connecticut
c. Oklahoma
d. Arkansas - ANS b
Malaria - ANS A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.,
fatique, vague aches, nausea, chills, fever, and sweating
Normal biota found in the oral cavity are most likely to cause
a. accute endocarditis
b. subacute endocarditis
c. malaria
,d. tularemia - ANS b
Plague - ANS causes inflammation and necrosis of the lymph nodes
Septicemia - ANS organisms multiplying in the blood, most oftencaused by bacteria
The bite of a tick can cause
a. ehrlichoiosis
b. Lyme disease
c. anaplasmosis
d. all of these - ANS d
Use the terms prevalence and incidence (see chapter 11) to explain how better
treatment options have led to a higher prevalence of AIDS in the world. - ANS
Incidence is a measure of the risk of developing a disease over a given amount of
time, whereas prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease. With better
education and protection, incidence of AIDS has fallen in some parts of the world.
Better treatment options have led to a higher prevalence of AIDS in the world,
because more people are being tested earlier, seeking treatment, and surviving
longer. In the past, people did not see health care workers for HIV/ AIDS, because
treatment options were limited, so death resulted more quickly.
Which of the following diseases is caused by a retrovirus?
A. Lassa fever
b. Ebola
c. anthrax
d. HIV - ANS d
Which of the following diseases is characterized by the formation of a biofilm?
a. plague
b. HIV
c. endocarditis
d. Chagas disease - ANS c
Which of the following is a gram positive bacterium?
a. Staphylococcus aureus
b. Borrelia burgdorferi
c. Coxiella burnetii
d. Trypanosoma cruzi - ANS a
Which of the following microbes have evolved an intracellular life style?
a. Bacillus anthracis
b. Coxiella burnetii
c. MRSA
,d. two of these - ANS b
Why do you think that malarial infection is more often fatal in children than in adults
in areas where it is endemic? - ANS young children are more likely to suffer a first
infection rather than an adult living in an area in which malaria is endemic. anyone
infected with malaria, the infection often induces the most severe complications
Adult T-Cell Leukemia - ANS •Leukemia: general name for at least four different
malignant diseases of the WBC forming elements originating in the bone marrow
•Some acute, others chronic
•Many causes- two of which are thought to be viral
•Adult T-cell leukemia by HTLV-I
•Hairy-cell leukemia by HTLV-II
•Signs and symptoms include easy bruising or bleeding, paleness, fatigue, and
recurring minor infections
Anthrax - ANS •Bacillus anthracis
•Gram positive rod
•Animal reservoirs
•Can affect various locations
•Cutaneous and pulmonary infections most common
•Polypeptide capsule
•Has been used as a biological warfare agent
Anthrax - ANS •Can exhibit its primary symptoms in various locations of the body
•Cutaneous anthrax
•Pulmonary anthrax
•Gastrointestinal tract
•Anthrax meningitis
•Cutaneous/Pulmonary forms most common
Brucellosis - ANS •Brucella abortus
•"Bang's disease" •Undulant fever
•Zoonotic disease
•Enters through breaks in the skin
•Causes a long-term fluctuating fever
Bubo - ANS Swollen lesion, usually in the groin or axilla. From Bubonic plague
Bubonic plague - ANS •Bacterium injected through a flea bite
•Enters lymph and is filtered by a lymph node
•Infection causes inflammation and necrosis of the node
•Results in a swollen lesion called a bubo, usually in the groin or axilla
, Cardiovascular system - ANS • Heart • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins
Cardiovascular System - ANS •Blood vessels and heart
•Moves blood in a closed circuit
•The circulatory system
•Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients
•Carries away carbon dioxide/waste products
Cardiovascular system - ANS Is highly protected, however, if microbes do invade
they gain access to every part of the body.
Cat-Scratch Disease - ANS •Symptoms start after 1 to 2 weeks
•Bartonella henselae
•Cluster of small papules at the site of inoculation
•In a few weeks, lymph nodes swell and can become pus-filled
•Only about 1/3 of patients experience high fever
Endocarditis: CV and Lymphatic DZs Caused by Mos - ANS •Inflammation of the
endocardium
•Is the infection of the valves of the heart
•Acute and subacute
•Fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat
•Sometimes symptoms similar to heart attack
•In subacute cases, may have enlarged spleen
•Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemorrhagic Fever Diseases - ANS *Yellow fever (Central America)
•Mosquitoes and monkeys
•Disrupts clotting
*Dengue fever (Asia, Central America)
•Mosquitoes
•Can be mild infection or "break bone fever"
*Chikungya (Africa)
•Mosquitos
•"that which breaks bones"
•Arthritic stance
*Ebola and Marburg (Africa)
•Transmission unknown
•Severe hemorrhage
•Mortality- 25-100%
Affecting the Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems
In the Middle Ages, during a massive plague pandemic, one of the control measures
officials instituted was the quarantine of infected people. Why was this not
successful? - ANS because humans weren't the primary means of transmission of
the plague, fleas and rats carried the disease
What characteristics make tularemia a potential bioweapon? - ANS because its
infectious dose is very low and it can be disseminated via the aerosol route. The
illness develops very quickly, usually in 3 to 5 days
Ehrlichiosis - ANS ticks
Endocarditis - ANS inflammation of the endocardium, usually due to the infection of
the valves of the heart
Explain the differences between the epidemiology of AIDS in the United States and
in
the developing world. - ANS it is transmitted through heterosexual intercourse in
most developing countries. In the U.S., most are due to male to male sexual contact
and injection drug use
HIV Infection and AIDS - ANS symptoms directly tied to the level of virus in the
blood versus the level of T cells in the blood
Lyme disease is most likely to occur in
a. North Dakota
b. Connecticut
c. Oklahoma
d. Arkansas - ANS b
Malaria - ANS A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.,
fatique, vague aches, nausea, chills, fever, and sweating
Normal biota found in the oral cavity are most likely to cause
a. accute endocarditis
b. subacute endocarditis
c. malaria
,d. tularemia - ANS b
Plague - ANS causes inflammation and necrosis of the lymph nodes
Septicemia - ANS organisms multiplying in the blood, most oftencaused by bacteria
The bite of a tick can cause
a. ehrlichoiosis
b. Lyme disease
c. anaplasmosis
d. all of these - ANS d
Use the terms prevalence and incidence (see chapter 11) to explain how better
treatment options have led to a higher prevalence of AIDS in the world. - ANS
Incidence is a measure of the risk of developing a disease over a given amount of
time, whereas prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease. With better
education and protection, incidence of AIDS has fallen in some parts of the world.
Better treatment options have led to a higher prevalence of AIDS in the world,
because more people are being tested earlier, seeking treatment, and surviving
longer. In the past, people did not see health care workers for HIV/ AIDS, because
treatment options were limited, so death resulted more quickly.
Which of the following diseases is caused by a retrovirus?
A. Lassa fever
b. Ebola
c. anthrax
d. HIV - ANS d
Which of the following diseases is characterized by the formation of a biofilm?
a. plague
b. HIV
c. endocarditis
d. Chagas disease - ANS c
Which of the following is a gram positive bacterium?
a. Staphylococcus aureus
b. Borrelia burgdorferi
c. Coxiella burnetii
d. Trypanosoma cruzi - ANS a
Which of the following microbes have evolved an intracellular life style?
a. Bacillus anthracis
b. Coxiella burnetii
c. MRSA
,d. two of these - ANS b
Why do you think that malarial infection is more often fatal in children than in adults
in areas where it is endemic? - ANS young children are more likely to suffer a first
infection rather than an adult living in an area in which malaria is endemic. anyone
infected with malaria, the infection often induces the most severe complications
Adult T-Cell Leukemia - ANS •Leukemia: general name for at least four different
malignant diseases of the WBC forming elements originating in the bone marrow
•Some acute, others chronic
•Many causes- two of which are thought to be viral
•Adult T-cell leukemia by HTLV-I
•Hairy-cell leukemia by HTLV-II
•Signs and symptoms include easy bruising or bleeding, paleness, fatigue, and
recurring minor infections
Anthrax - ANS •Bacillus anthracis
•Gram positive rod
•Animal reservoirs
•Can affect various locations
•Cutaneous and pulmonary infections most common
•Polypeptide capsule
•Has been used as a biological warfare agent
Anthrax - ANS •Can exhibit its primary symptoms in various locations of the body
•Cutaneous anthrax
•Pulmonary anthrax
•Gastrointestinal tract
•Anthrax meningitis
•Cutaneous/Pulmonary forms most common
Brucellosis - ANS •Brucella abortus
•"Bang's disease" •Undulant fever
•Zoonotic disease
•Enters through breaks in the skin
•Causes a long-term fluctuating fever
Bubo - ANS Swollen lesion, usually in the groin or axilla. From Bubonic plague
Bubonic plague - ANS •Bacterium injected through a flea bite
•Enters lymph and is filtered by a lymph node
•Infection causes inflammation and necrosis of the node
•Results in a swollen lesion called a bubo, usually in the groin or axilla
, Cardiovascular system - ANS • Heart • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins
Cardiovascular System - ANS •Blood vessels and heart
•Moves blood in a closed circuit
•The circulatory system
•Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients
•Carries away carbon dioxide/waste products
Cardiovascular system - ANS Is highly protected, however, if microbes do invade
they gain access to every part of the body.
Cat-Scratch Disease - ANS •Symptoms start after 1 to 2 weeks
•Bartonella henselae
•Cluster of small papules at the site of inoculation
•In a few weeks, lymph nodes swell and can become pus-filled
•Only about 1/3 of patients experience high fever
Endocarditis: CV and Lymphatic DZs Caused by Mos - ANS •Inflammation of the
endocardium
•Is the infection of the valves of the heart
•Acute and subacute
•Fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat
•Sometimes symptoms similar to heart attack
•In subacute cases, may have enlarged spleen
•Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemorrhagic Fever Diseases - ANS *Yellow fever (Central America)
•Mosquitoes and monkeys
•Disrupts clotting
*Dengue fever (Asia, Central America)
•Mosquitoes
•Can be mild infection or "break bone fever"
*Chikungya (Africa)
•Mosquitos
•"that which breaks bones"
•Arthritic stance
*Ebola and Marburg (Africa)
•Transmission unknown
•Severe hemorrhage
•Mortality- 25-100%
