BMS 305 Final Exam Latest Updated
2025 Questions With Detailed Answers
The liver builds up and breaks down triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
as needed. Also breaks down ________ ______ for energy when needed. _______
production doesn't start until about ________ hours of starving.
fatty acids, ketone, 24
We will not become acidotic as long as we have _______ entering the cell
glucose
The liver manufactures __________ amino acids and also makes plasma proteins
such as ________ factors
amino acid pool - liver is responsible for synthesizing amino acids
nonessential, clotting
Glycolysis is the metabolic breakdown of glucose to _________. It occurs in the
_________ and requires _________ to start, and also yields __________ at the
end.
Requires coenzymes from ____ vitamins. Pyruvate can be used to make
_________, but it requires energy.
pyruvate, cytosol, ATP, ATP
B, glucose
Glycolysis is __________ up to glucose ---> pyruvate.
Once in the mitochondria it is ______. You cannot make glucose out of _______
_______.
reversible
irreversible, fatty acids.
During metabolism, nutrients undergo a series of reactions that release energy
from their chemical ________, and _______ and _______ are released. We
measure _____ consumption and ______ production.
bonds, water, CO2, O2, CO2
compounds that cells can use for __________:
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
,ketone bodies
lactic acid
glycerol
alcohol
energy (fuel)
Any excess calories will be stored as _____________________
triglycerides (fat)
insulin is stored as _____ for energy
glycogen
glucose is stored as ______ for energy. Glycogen is stored in the _________ and
_________.
glycogen, liver, muscle
The TCA cycle and the ETC occur in the ___________, and ___________ oxygen is
involved. Older individuals have more anaerobic respiration because they have
less _________, and more __________ acid buildup
mitochondria, aerobic, mitochondria, lactic
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains ________ high-energy phosphate bonds.
There are __________ reactions, where the hydrolysis of ATP occurs
simultaneously with reactions that will use the energy. We do _________ store
ATP!
3, coupled, not
Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy
1. All of the energy-yielding nutrients -- protein, carbohydrate, and fat -- can be broken
down to acetyl CoA.
2. Acetyl CoA can enter the TCA cycle
3. Most of the reactions above release hydrogen atoms with their electrons, which are
carried by coenzymes to the electron transport chain
4. ATP is synthesized
5. Hydrogen atoms react with oxygen to produce water
The ______________ receives nutrients first entering the body. The liver uses
carbs to:
-Make and store _______
-In between meals, our body breaks down ________ to release __________
-Break down glucose for __________
-Makes glucose from some __________ and _______ when needed
-Converts excess _______ to fatty acids
liver, glycogen, glycogen, glucose, energy, amino acids, glycerol, glucose
Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the _______. Pyruvate forms _____ acid
(produces burning pain and muscle fatigue). Clinically, anaerobic metabolism
occurs at wound sites that don't have good ______.
muscle, lactic, perfusion
Anaerobic metabolism
,1. Working muscles break down most of their glucose molecules aerobically to
pyruvate.
If the cells lack sufficient mitochondria or in the absence of sufficient oxygen, then it
goes into anaerobic metabolism and pyruvate can accept the hydrogens from glucose
breakdown and become lactate. This conversion frees the coenzyme so that glycolysis
can continue
2. lactate then travels to the liver
3. liver enzymes can convert lactate to glucose, but this requires energy. The process of
converting lactate from the muscles to glucose in the liver that can be returned to the
muscles is known as the Cori cycle
4. Glucose returns to the muscles
The ______ cycle occurs in the LIVER and is the conversion of lactic acid to
glucose (making lactic acid from pyruvate) -- requires energy.
Cori
Only the _____ can take lactate and make glucose through the Cori cycle
liver
When pyruvate is converted to lactate, it gives us _____ to make ATP with
electrons
Aerobic metabolism occurs in the __________. Pyruvate produces ______ ____.
When no energy is required, acetyl CoA is used to make _____. When energy is
required, acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle where large amounts of _____ are
produced.
The primer for the TCA cycle is _____.
mitochondria, acetyl CoA, fat, ATP
oxaloacetate
Aerobic metabolism
Each pyruvate loses a carbon as carbon dioxide and picks up a molecule of CoA,
becoming acetyl CoA. The arrow goes only one way (down) because the step is not
reversible.
Result --> 1 glucose yields 2 pyruvate, which yield 2 carbon dioxide and 2 acetyl CoA.
Glycerol is a ___ carbon molecule that can form ______. It can also form _______,
and then go on to make acetyl CoA.
3, glucose, pyruvate
In fatty acid oxidation, fatty acids are taken off _____ carbons at a time to
produce _____ ____. This requires ____ vitamin coenzymes, and occurs in the
_______.
2, acetyl CoA, B, mitochondria
If we want to use amino acids for energy, we first need to get rid of an ______
group
, amine
In amino acid metabolism, before entering metabolic pathways, the amino acids
are ________, N containing group removed.
Most amino acids can be used to synthesize glucose and are converted to ______
to go through the process (they are glucogenic); others are converted directly to
_______ (they are ketogenic); others enter the _____ cycle directly (they are
glucogenic).
deaminated
pyruvate, acetyl CoA, TCA
When amino acids enter the TCA cycle or form pyruvate, this is called
_____________
gluconeogenesis (glucogenic)
When amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA, this is called ___________
ketogenesis (ketogenic)
Breaking down nutrients for energy:
-Glucose and fatty acids are primarily used for _______, amino acids to a lesser
extent.
-Glucose is made from all ______________, most amino acids, and the ________
portion of fat.
-Glucose can be made into a nonessential amino acid if ___________ is present.
- All energy-yielding nutrients consumed in excess can contribute to fat storage
energy, carbohydrates, glycerol, nitrogen
_____ % of our energy comes from carbs
60
The TCA cycle occurs in the ______. It's a set of reactions that break down acetyl
CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogens.
_____________, which is made from pyruvate, is needed for the first step (the
primer), and synthesized in the last step.
mitochondria, Oxaloacetate
- __________ vitamins are important for the TCA cycle
- if we have _______, we can keep the TCA cycle going even in starvation.
B, insulin
Within the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), energy is captured in the high-energy
bonds of ______ and requires _____. This process is called _________
___________. It consists of a series of proteins that serve as electron "________".
ATP, oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation, carriers
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM:
A _____________ in BP or _____________ in blood concentration leads to the
release of ________________ from the ______________. This activates
angiotensinogen (released from the _____________), to create
_________________ ____. A converting enzyme then converts angiotensin 1 to
____________ _____, which has several effects:
-Kidneys: increases _______ and ______ retention, increases blood ___________
2025 Questions With Detailed Answers
The liver builds up and breaks down triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
as needed. Also breaks down ________ ______ for energy when needed. _______
production doesn't start until about ________ hours of starving.
fatty acids, ketone, 24
We will not become acidotic as long as we have _______ entering the cell
glucose
The liver manufactures __________ amino acids and also makes plasma proteins
such as ________ factors
amino acid pool - liver is responsible for synthesizing amino acids
nonessential, clotting
Glycolysis is the metabolic breakdown of glucose to _________. It occurs in the
_________ and requires _________ to start, and also yields __________ at the
end.
Requires coenzymes from ____ vitamins. Pyruvate can be used to make
_________, but it requires energy.
pyruvate, cytosol, ATP, ATP
B, glucose
Glycolysis is __________ up to glucose ---> pyruvate.
Once in the mitochondria it is ______. You cannot make glucose out of _______
_______.
reversible
irreversible, fatty acids.
During metabolism, nutrients undergo a series of reactions that release energy
from their chemical ________, and _______ and _______ are released. We
measure _____ consumption and ______ production.
bonds, water, CO2, O2, CO2
compounds that cells can use for __________:
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
,ketone bodies
lactic acid
glycerol
alcohol
energy (fuel)
Any excess calories will be stored as _____________________
triglycerides (fat)
insulin is stored as _____ for energy
glycogen
glucose is stored as ______ for energy. Glycogen is stored in the _________ and
_________.
glycogen, liver, muscle
The TCA cycle and the ETC occur in the ___________, and ___________ oxygen is
involved. Older individuals have more anaerobic respiration because they have
less _________, and more __________ acid buildup
mitochondria, aerobic, mitochondria, lactic
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains ________ high-energy phosphate bonds.
There are __________ reactions, where the hydrolysis of ATP occurs
simultaneously with reactions that will use the energy. We do _________ store
ATP!
3, coupled, not
Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy
1. All of the energy-yielding nutrients -- protein, carbohydrate, and fat -- can be broken
down to acetyl CoA.
2. Acetyl CoA can enter the TCA cycle
3. Most of the reactions above release hydrogen atoms with their electrons, which are
carried by coenzymes to the electron transport chain
4. ATP is synthesized
5. Hydrogen atoms react with oxygen to produce water
The ______________ receives nutrients first entering the body. The liver uses
carbs to:
-Make and store _______
-In between meals, our body breaks down ________ to release __________
-Break down glucose for __________
-Makes glucose from some __________ and _______ when needed
-Converts excess _______ to fatty acids
liver, glycogen, glycogen, glucose, energy, amino acids, glycerol, glucose
Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the _______. Pyruvate forms _____ acid
(produces burning pain and muscle fatigue). Clinically, anaerobic metabolism
occurs at wound sites that don't have good ______.
muscle, lactic, perfusion
Anaerobic metabolism
,1. Working muscles break down most of their glucose molecules aerobically to
pyruvate.
If the cells lack sufficient mitochondria or in the absence of sufficient oxygen, then it
goes into anaerobic metabolism and pyruvate can accept the hydrogens from glucose
breakdown and become lactate. This conversion frees the coenzyme so that glycolysis
can continue
2. lactate then travels to the liver
3. liver enzymes can convert lactate to glucose, but this requires energy. The process of
converting lactate from the muscles to glucose in the liver that can be returned to the
muscles is known as the Cori cycle
4. Glucose returns to the muscles
The ______ cycle occurs in the LIVER and is the conversion of lactic acid to
glucose (making lactic acid from pyruvate) -- requires energy.
Cori
Only the _____ can take lactate and make glucose through the Cori cycle
liver
When pyruvate is converted to lactate, it gives us _____ to make ATP with
electrons
Aerobic metabolism occurs in the __________. Pyruvate produces ______ ____.
When no energy is required, acetyl CoA is used to make _____. When energy is
required, acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle where large amounts of _____ are
produced.
The primer for the TCA cycle is _____.
mitochondria, acetyl CoA, fat, ATP
oxaloacetate
Aerobic metabolism
Each pyruvate loses a carbon as carbon dioxide and picks up a molecule of CoA,
becoming acetyl CoA. The arrow goes only one way (down) because the step is not
reversible.
Result --> 1 glucose yields 2 pyruvate, which yield 2 carbon dioxide and 2 acetyl CoA.
Glycerol is a ___ carbon molecule that can form ______. It can also form _______,
and then go on to make acetyl CoA.
3, glucose, pyruvate
In fatty acid oxidation, fatty acids are taken off _____ carbons at a time to
produce _____ ____. This requires ____ vitamin coenzymes, and occurs in the
_______.
2, acetyl CoA, B, mitochondria
If we want to use amino acids for energy, we first need to get rid of an ______
group
, amine
In amino acid metabolism, before entering metabolic pathways, the amino acids
are ________, N containing group removed.
Most amino acids can be used to synthesize glucose and are converted to ______
to go through the process (they are glucogenic); others are converted directly to
_______ (they are ketogenic); others enter the _____ cycle directly (they are
glucogenic).
deaminated
pyruvate, acetyl CoA, TCA
When amino acids enter the TCA cycle or form pyruvate, this is called
_____________
gluconeogenesis (glucogenic)
When amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA, this is called ___________
ketogenesis (ketogenic)
Breaking down nutrients for energy:
-Glucose and fatty acids are primarily used for _______, amino acids to a lesser
extent.
-Glucose is made from all ______________, most amino acids, and the ________
portion of fat.
-Glucose can be made into a nonessential amino acid if ___________ is present.
- All energy-yielding nutrients consumed in excess can contribute to fat storage
energy, carbohydrates, glycerol, nitrogen
_____ % of our energy comes from carbs
60
The TCA cycle occurs in the ______. It's a set of reactions that break down acetyl
CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogens.
_____________, which is made from pyruvate, is needed for the first step (the
primer), and synthesized in the last step.
mitochondria, Oxaloacetate
- __________ vitamins are important for the TCA cycle
- if we have _______, we can keep the TCA cycle going even in starvation.
B, insulin
Within the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), energy is captured in the high-energy
bonds of ______ and requires _____. This process is called _________
___________. It consists of a series of proteins that serve as electron "________".
ATP, oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation, carriers
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM:
A _____________ in BP or _____________ in blood concentration leads to the
release of ________________ from the ______________. This activates
angiotensinogen (released from the _____________), to create
_________________ ____. A converting enzyme then converts angiotensin 1 to
____________ _____, which has several effects:
-Kidneys: increases _______ and ______ retention, increases blood ___________
