PATH INTL CTRI COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SHEET
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A++
✔✔asymmetrical - ✔✔lack of symmetry; used in reference to participant on the equine
✔✔ataxia - ✔✔incoordination that manifests especially when voluntary movements are
attempted
✔✔Athetosis - ✔✔condition that involves involuntary slow irregular movements
(twisting)
✔✔aura - ✔✔a subjective sensations before start of seizure or migraine
✔✔bilateral - ✔✔effecting or occurring on both sides of the body
ex: wear hearing aids on both ears
✔✔bilateral motor coordination - ✔✔skills and performance in purposeful movement
that requires interaction between both sides of body in smooth refined manner
✔✔central nervous system - ✔✔brain and spinal cord
✔✔contracture - ✔✔limitation of range of motion of a joint; due to shortening of
muscles, tendons, and or ligaments around joints
✔✔congenital - ✔✔existing at birth
✔✔crossing midline - ✔✔crossing the vertical center line of the body such as with an
arm
have to use both sides of the brain
✔✔cyanosis - ✔✔bluish or purplish discoloration due to deficient oxygen in the blood
✔✔decubitus ulcer - ✔✔skin lesion caused by pressure to area of body
aka pressure sore
✔✔developmental disability - ✔✔disability that interrupts or delays the typical
developmental sequence
✔✔diplegia - ✔✔quadriplegia with greater involvement of lower body than upper body
arms and hands are less affected
✔✔distal - ✔✔furthest from the trunk
✔✔Dorsiflexion - ✔✔bending of ankle that brings toes up
, ✔✔edema - ✔✔swelling
✔✔Epilepsy - ✔✔seizure disorder
✔✔Equalibrium - ✔✔A state of balance
✔✔extension - ✔✔to straighten body or joint
✔✔external rotation - ✔✔to rotate outward away from bodies midline
ex: rotate hip so thigh is away from center and knee points out
✔✔flaccid - ✔✔lack of tension in muscles; excessively relaxed or floppy
✔✔flexion - ✔✔to bend body or joint
✔✔hemiplegia - ✔✔paralysis on one side of body
✔✔Hyperextension - ✔✔straightening of joint beyond its normal position
✔✔hypertonia - ✔✔increased resting tension of muscle
-hard to move in certain ways
✔✔hypotonia - ✔✔decreased resting tension of muscle
-hard to hold self up or move
✔✔incontinence - ✔✔inability to control bladder and/or bowels
✔✔inferior - ✔✔below or lower than
✔✔internal rotation - ✔✔rotate toward midline
✔✔kinesthesia - ✔✔conscious perception of extent, direction, position, and weight of
movement of body
✔✔Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (KAFO) - ✔✔tall leg brace, up to mid thigh, that helps
position/support leg for walking
✔✔kyphosis - ✔✔abnormal spinal curve resulting in rounded upper back
✔✔lateral - ✔✔side to side
✔✔lateral felxion - ✔✔tilting the head or trunk to the right or left at the midline
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A++
✔✔asymmetrical - ✔✔lack of symmetry; used in reference to participant on the equine
✔✔ataxia - ✔✔incoordination that manifests especially when voluntary movements are
attempted
✔✔Athetosis - ✔✔condition that involves involuntary slow irregular movements
(twisting)
✔✔aura - ✔✔a subjective sensations before start of seizure or migraine
✔✔bilateral - ✔✔effecting or occurring on both sides of the body
ex: wear hearing aids on both ears
✔✔bilateral motor coordination - ✔✔skills and performance in purposeful movement
that requires interaction between both sides of body in smooth refined manner
✔✔central nervous system - ✔✔brain and spinal cord
✔✔contracture - ✔✔limitation of range of motion of a joint; due to shortening of
muscles, tendons, and or ligaments around joints
✔✔congenital - ✔✔existing at birth
✔✔crossing midline - ✔✔crossing the vertical center line of the body such as with an
arm
have to use both sides of the brain
✔✔cyanosis - ✔✔bluish or purplish discoloration due to deficient oxygen in the blood
✔✔decubitus ulcer - ✔✔skin lesion caused by pressure to area of body
aka pressure sore
✔✔developmental disability - ✔✔disability that interrupts or delays the typical
developmental sequence
✔✔diplegia - ✔✔quadriplegia with greater involvement of lower body than upper body
arms and hands are less affected
✔✔distal - ✔✔furthest from the trunk
✔✔Dorsiflexion - ✔✔bending of ankle that brings toes up
, ✔✔edema - ✔✔swelling
✔✔Epilepsy - ✔✔seizure disorder
✔✔Equalibrium - ✔✔A state of balance
✔✔extension - ✔✔to straighten body or joint
✔✔external rotation - ✔✔to rotate outward away from bodies midline
ex: rotate hip so thigh is away from center and knee points out
✔✔flaccid - ✔✔lack of tension in muscles; excessively relaxed or floppy
✔✔flexion - ✔✔to bend body or joint
✔✔hemiplegia - ✔✔paralysis on one side of body
✔✔Hyperextension - ✔✔straightening of joint beyond its normal position
✔✔hypertonia - ✔✔increased resting tension of muscle
-hard to move in certain ways
✔✔hypotonia - ✔✔decreased resting tension of muscle
-hard to hold self up or move
✔✔incontinence - ✔✔inability to control bladder and/or bowels
✔✔inferior - ✔✔below or lower than
✔✔internal rotation - ✔✔rotate toward midline
✔✔kinesthesia - ✔✔conscious perception of extent, direction, position, and weight of
movement of body
✔✔Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (KAFO) - ✔✔tall leg brace, up to mid thigh, that helps
position/support leg for walking
✔✔kyphosis - ✔✔abnormal spinal curve resulting in rounded upper back
✔✔lateral - ✔✔side to side
✔✔lateral felxion - ✔✔tilting the head or trunk to the right or left at the midline
