BIOD 121 PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS|2025/2026

BIOD 121 PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS|2025/2026
Why are bacteria excellent tools for genetic research? - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B -grow quickly B




-easy to isolate one strain or species
B B B B B B B




-can be grown in any laboratory (little risk, inexpensive nutrients)
B B B B B B B B B




what is spontaneous mutation - ANSWER-
B B B B B



bacteria undergo random mutations that may be advantageous to survival
B B B B B B B B B




what is adaptive immunity - ANSWER-
B B B B B



when a species adapts to a pathogen via "induced resistance"
B B B B B B B B B




(some cells survive the pathogen and then reproduce to make more cells that are resistant)
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B




why is "selection" of bacteria and mutations used in the lab? - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B B B B



bacteria are grown in conditions that allow the mutated bacteria to survive, while the
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B



wild type bacteria do not
B B B B




How do scientists actually use selection of bacteria in the lab? - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B B B B



adding a resistance marker to the DNA plasmid that contains the gene of intrest
B B B B B B B B B B B B B




What two ways are bacteria grown in lab - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B liquid culture or agar
B B B




Bacteria are usually grown in minimal medium, what does this mean? - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B B B B



medium that contains all the necessary organic compounds for the bacteria to survive
B B B B B B B B B B B B




Bacteria that can grow on minimal media are called: - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B B prototrophic



What does being prototrophic mean? - ANSWER-
B B B B B B



bacteria can grow with no additional nutrients or reagents
B B B B B B B B

, what is the lag phase - ANSWER-
B B B B B B growth is very slow B B B




what is log phase - ANSWER-
B B B B B exponential growth B




When bacteria reaches to ______________ in a culture, it will enter stationary phase -
B B B B B B B B B B B B B



B ANSWER- 1 million cells per ml
B B B B




What is the stationary phase - ANSWER-
B B B B B B cease to growB B




When will scientists harvest their bacteria - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B log phase B




define conjugation - ANSWER-
B B B



process of bacteria transferring genetic information to another bacteria via direct cont
B B B B B B B B B B B



act



define auxotrophs - ANSWER-
B B B



bacteria strains that lack essential nutrients so that they cannot grow without supplem
B B B B B B B B B B B B



entation in the medium B B B




Mixing two auxotrophs (needing different amino acids to grow) in the same medium allowed t
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B



hem both to grow. How did this happen? - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B



via conjugation and transfer of genetic material
B B B B B B




"donor "bacteria are known as: - ANSWER-
B B B B B B F + cells
B B




recipients of the donated gene are known as: - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B F- cells
B




conjugation is made possible by what cell structure? - ANSWER-
B B B B B B B B B F- pilus
B