WGU:D027-AdvancedPathopharmacological
Foundations Latest 2025 Update Study
Guide||Guaranteed Pass!!
WhatazareazsomeazphysicalazchangesazfromazAlzheimer'sazdementia?az-az-
azBrainazshrinksazdramatically;aznerveazcellazdeathazand aztissueazloss
- Cardinalazsigns:azplaquesaz(abnormalazclustersazofazproteinazfragments)azandaztanglesaz(twis
tedazstrandsazofazanotherazprotein)
HowazisazAlzheimer'saztreated?az-az-
azThereazisaznoazcure,azbutazthereazareazpharmacologicalazandaznon-
pharmacologicalaztreatments
- Cholinesteraseazinhibitors
- Memantineaz(namenda)
Whatazareazcholinesteraseazinhibitorsazprescribedazfor?az-az-
azToaztreat azsymptomsazrelated aztoazmemory,azthinking,azlanguage, azjudgment,azand azotherazpro
cesses
- Helpsazdelayazorazslowaztheazworseningazofazsymptoms
Whatazdoesazcholinesteraseazinhibitorsazdo?az-az-
azPreventaztheazbreakdownazofazacetylcholine, azaazchemicalazmessenger azthatazisazimportant azfor
azlearningazand azmemory
- Supportsazcommunicationazamongaznerveazcellsazbyazkeepingaztheazacetylcholineazhigh
Whatazareazsomeazcommonlyazprescribedazcholinesteraseazinhibitors?az-az-azDonepezilaz(aricept)
- Galantamineaz(razadyne)
- Rivastigmineaz(exeleon)
WhichazcholinesteraseazinhibitorazcanazbeazusedazforazallazstagesazofazAlzheimer's?az-az-
azDonepezilaz(aricept)
Whichazcholinesteraseazinhibitorazcanazbeazusedazforazmild-to-
moderateazstagesazofazAlzheimer's?
- -azGalantamineaz(razadyne)
- Rivastigmineaz(exeleon)
Whichazcholinesteraseazinhibitorazcanazbeazusedazforazmild-to-
moderateazAlzheimer'sazandazParkinson's?az-az-azRivastigmineaz(exeleon)
Whatazmedicationazcombinationazisazusedaztoaztreatazmoderate-to-severeazAlzheimer's?az-az-
azMemantineaz(namenda)azand azdonepezilaz(aricept)
Whatazisazmemantineaz(namenda)azusedazfor?az-az-
, Prescribedaztoazimproveazmemory,azattention,azreason,azlanguage,azandaztheazabilityaztoazperfo
az
rmazsimpleaztasks
- CanazbeazusedazaloneazorazwithazotherazAlzheimer'sazdiseaseaztreatments
,Howazdoesazmemantineaz(namenda)azwork?az-az-
azRegulatesaztheazactivityazofazglutamate, azaazchemicalazinvolvedazinazinformationazprocessing, az
storage,azandazretrieval
- Improvesazmentalazfunctioningazandazabilityaztoazperformazdailyazactivitiesazforazsomeazpeople
WhatazisaztheazdifferenceazinazMOAazbetweenazcholinesteraseazinhibitorsazandazmeman
tineaz(namenda)?az-az-
azCholinesterase azinhibitorsazpreventaztheazbreakdownazofazacetylcholine,azwhereasazm
emantineaz(namenda)azregulatesaztheazactivityazofazglutamate
Whatazisazataxia?az-az-azAlsoazknownazasazcerebellumazattacks
- Degenerativeazdiseaseazofaztheaznervousazsystem
- Manyazsymptomsazmimicazthoseazofazbeingazdrunkaz(i.e.azslurredazspeech,azstumbling,azfall
ing,azandazincoordination)
Whatazcausesaztheazsymptomsazofazataxia?az-az-
azTheazdamageazcausedaztoaztheazcerebellum,aztheazpartazofazthe azbrainazthatazisazresponsibleazfo
razcoordinatingazmovements
- Canazalsoazbeazcausedazbyazdamageaztoazpartazofaztheazspinalazcordazandaznerves
Whatazisaztheaztreatmentazforazataxia?az-az-azNoaztreatment
- Inazsomeazcases,aztreatingaztheazunderlyingazcausesaz(i.e.azstoppingazmedicationsazthatazca
useazataxia)
- Inazotherazcases,azitazisazaazresultazfromazchickenazpoxazorazotherazviralazinfectionsaz(likelyaztoazre
solveazonazitsazown)
- Geneticazcauses/predisposedazdispositionazisazusuallyazchronic
Whatazcausesazataxiaazinaztheazpediatricazpopulation?az-az-azGeneticazpredisposition
- FragileazX-AssociatedazTremor/AtaxiaazSyndromeaz(FXTAS)
- Prader-WillieazSyndrome
WhatazisazFragileazXazsyndromeaz(FXS)?az-az-
azAazgeneticazconditionazinheritedazfromazparentsazwhichazresultsazinazvariousazdevelopmental azp
roblems
- Rare,azbutazmayazbeazdangerousazorazlife-threatening
- Presentazatazbirthazandazisazaazlifelongazcondition
- Rarelyazrequiresazlabaztestingazorazimaging
- Oftenazlinkedaztoazautismaz(1/3azdoazhaveazautism)
- X-linkedazdisorder
SinceazFragileazXazSyndromeaz(FXS)azisazanazX-
linkedazdisorder,azdoesazaazspecificazgenderazhaveazaazgreaterazrisk?az-az-
azOften,azfemalesazareazcarriersazand azmalesazareazaffected
- However,azbothazmalesazandazfemalesazcanazbeazcarriers,azandazbothazcanazbeazaffectedazb
yaztheazcondition
- Usuallyazmilderazinazfemales
HowazdidazFragileazXazSyndromeaz(FXS)azgetazitsazname?az-az-
azTheazgeneazFragileazXaz(theazFMR1azgene)azisazonazthe azXazsyndrome
- MutationazofaztheazFMR1azgene
, WhatazisaztheazdifferenceazbetweenazFragileazX-
AssociatedazTremor/AtaxiaazSyndromeaz(FXTAS)azandazFragileazXazSyndromeaz(FXS)?az-az-
azBothazcausedazbyazmutationsazonaztheazFMR1azgene,azbut aztheyazareazcausedazbyazdifferent azch
angesazinazthisazgene
- FXSazisazcausedazbyazaazfullazmutation
- FXTASazisazaazpremutation
- FXSazisazpresentazatazbirth,azbutazdisplayaztheseazfeaturesazinazearlyazlife
- FXTASazdevelopsazinazadulthoodaz(usuallyazafterazageaz50)azandaztheazsymptomsazmayazap
pearazslowlyazandazdevelopazoveraztheazyears
- FXTASazindividualsazareazusuallyazhealthyazwithaznormalazcognitiveazskillsazprioraztoaztheazonset
HowazisazFragileazX-AssociatedazTremor/AtaxiaazSyndromeaz(FXTAS)azdiagnosed?az-az-
azBeingazaazFMR1azpremutationazcarrier
- Theazappearanceazofazneurologicalazfeaturesazsuchazasazataxiaaz(balanceazproblems),aztrem
ors,azandazotherazsymptoms
- MRIazfindingsaz(changesazinaztheazbrain)
WhatazisazPrader-WillieazSyndrome?az-az-
azGeneticazdisorderazthatazaffectsazmanyazpartsazofazthe azbodyazandaztheirazgrowth
- Causesazmentalazandazbehavioralazproblems
- Canazbeazdangerousazorazlifeazthreateningazifazuntreated
- Combinationazofazcontraceptivesazcontraindicatedazinazbreastazfeeding
- Moreazcommonazinazfemales
- Confirmedazfromazlaboratoryazfindings
WhatazisaztheazcauseazofazPrader-WilliazSyndrome?az-az-
azDepletion azofazchromosomeaz15azfromazfather
- Missingazoraznon-workingazgenesazonazchromosomeaz15az(15q11-q13)
- Mostazcasesazareaznotazinheritedazandazoccurazrandomly
- Depletionazofazgenesaz(genesazfromaztheazregionazareazmissing)
- Uniparentalazdisomyaz-azbothazchromosomesazareazinheritedazfromaztheazmother
- Imprintingazmutationaz-azgenesazonaztheazpaternalazchromosomeazisazinactive
WhatazdoesazPrader-WilliazSyndromeazdoaztoaztheazbody?az-az-
azCausedaztheazhypothalamusaztoazmalfunctionaz(theazareaazofaztheazbrainazthatazaffectsazhunger,a
zthirst, azsexazandazgrowthazhormones)
- Inazinfancy,azanazindividualazdoesaznotazmeetazdevelopmentazmilestonesazsuckazasazsittingazupa
zand azwalking
- Theirazeyesazlackazcoordination
WhatazisazaazkeyazfeatureazofazPrader-WilliazSyndrome?az-az-
azAazconstant azsenseazofazhungerazthatazusuallyazbeginsazaroundaz2azyearsazofazage
- PeopleazwithazPrader-
WilliazSyndromeazwantaztoazeatazconstantlyazbecauseaztheyazneverazfeelazfull
WhatazareazsomeazsymptomsazinazinfantsazwithazPrader-WilliazSyndrome?az-az-
azHypotonia azwithazfloppyazstructureazandazpoorazmuscleaztone
- Distinctazfacialazfeaturesazaffectingaztheazshapeazandazsizeazofazeyes,azlips,azforehead,azetc.
- Poorazsuckingazabilityazmakingazitazdifficultaztoazfeed
Foundations Latest 2025 Update Study
Guide||Guaranteed Pass!!
WhatazareazsomeazphysicalazchangesazfromazAlzheimer'sazdementia?az-az-
azBrainazshrinksazdramatically;aznerveazcellazdeathazand aztissueazloss
- Cardinalazsigns:azplaquesaz(abnormalazclustersazofazproteinazfragments)azandaztanglesaz(twis
tedazstrandsazofazanotherazprotein)
HowazisazAlzheimer'saztreated?az-az-
azThereazisaznoazcure,azbutazthereazareazpharmacologicalazandaznon-
pharmacologicalaztreatments
- Cholinesteraseazinhibitors
- Memantineaz(namenda)
Whatazareazcholinesteraseazinhibitorsazprescribedazfor?az-az-
azToaztreat azsymptomsazrelated aztoazmemory,azthinking,azlanguage, azjudgment,azand azotherazpro
cesses
- Helpsazdelayazorazslowaztheazworseningazofazsymptoms
Whatazdoesazcholinesteraseazinhibitorsazdo?az-az-
azPreventaztheazbreakdownazofazacetylcholine, azaazchemicalazmessenger azthatazisazimportant azfor
azlearningazand azmemory
- Supportsazcommunicationazamongaznerveazcellsazbyazkeepingaztheazacetylcholineazhigh
Whatazareazsomeazcommonlyazprescribedazcholinesteraseazinhibitors?az-az-azDonepezilaz(aricept)
- Galantamineaz(razadyne)
- Rivastigmineaz(exeleon)
WhichazcholinesteraseazinhibitorazcanazbeazusedazforazallazstagesazofazAlzheimer's?az-az-
azDonepezilaz(aricept)
Whichazcholinesteraseazinhibitorazcanazbeazusedazforazmild-to-
moderateazstagesazofazAlzheimer's?
- -azGalantamineaz(razadyne)
- Rivastigmineaz(exeleon)
Whichazcholinesteraseazinhibitorazcanazbeazusedazforazmild-to-
moderateazAlzheimer'sazandazParkinson's?az-az-azRivastigmineaz(exeleon)
Whatazmedicationazcombinationazisazusedaztoaztreatazmoderate-to-severeazAlzheimer's?az-az-
azMemantineaz(namenda)azand azdonepezilaz(aricept)
Whatazisazmemantineaz(namenda)azusedazfor?az-az-
, Prescribedaztoazimproveazmemory,azattention,azreason,azlanguage,azandaztheazabilityaztoazperfo
az
rmazsimpleaztasks
- CanazbeazusedazaloneazorazwithazotherazAlzheimer'sazdiseaseaztreatments
,Howazdoesazmemantineaz(namenda)azwork?az-az-
azRegulatesaztheazactivityazofazglutamate, azaazchemicalazinvolvedazinazinformationazprocessing, az
storage,azandazretrieval
- Improvesazmentalazfunctioningazandazabilityaztoazperformazdailyazactivitiesazforazsomeazpeople
WhatazisaztheazdifferenceazinazMOAazbetweenazcholinesteraseazinhibitorsazandazmeman
tineaz(namenda)?az-az-
azCholinesterase azinhibitorsazpreventaztheazbreakdownazofazacetylcholine,azwhereasazm
emantineaz(namenda)azregulatesaztheazactivityazofazglutamate
Whatazisazataxia?az-az-azAlsoazknownazasazcerebellumazattacks
- Degenerativeazdiseaseazofaztheaznervousazsystem
- Manyazsymptomsazmimicazthoseazofazbeingazdrunkaz(i.e.azslurredazspeech,azstumbling,azfall
ing,azandazincoordination)
Whatazcausesaztheazsymptomsazofazataxia?az-az-
azTheazdamageazcausedaztoaztheazcerebellum,aztheazpartazofazthe azbrainazthatazisazresponsibleazfo
razcoordinatingazmovements
- Canazalsoazbeazcausedazbyazdamageaztoazpartazofaztheazspinalazcordazandaznerves
Whatazisaztheaztreatmentazforazataxia?az-az-azNoaztreatment
- Inazsomeazcases,aztreatingaztheazunderlyingazcausesaz(i.e.azstoppingazmedicationsazthatazca
useazataxia)
- Inazotherazcases,azitazisazaazresultazfromazchickenazpoxazorazotherazviralazinfectionsaz(likelyaztoazre
solveazonazitsazown)
- Geneticazcauses/predisposedazdispositionazisazusuallyazchronic
Whatazcausesazataxiaazinaztheazpediatricazpopulation?az-az-azGeneticazpredisposition
- FragileazX-AssociatedazTremor/AtaxiaazSyndromeaz(FXTAS)
- Prader-WillieazSyndrome
WhatazisazFragileazXazsyndromeaz(FXS)?az-az-
azAazgeneticazconditionazinheritedazfromazparentsazwhichazresultsazinazvariousazdevelopmental azp
roblems
- Rare,azbutazmayazbeazdangerousazorazlife-threatening
- Presentazatazbirthazandazisazaazlifelongazcondition
- Rarelyazrequiresazlabaztestingazorazimaging
- Oftenazlinkedaztoazautismaz(1/3azdoazhaveazautism)
- X-linkedazdisorder
SinceazFragileazXazSyndromeaz(FXS)azisazanazX-
linkedazdisorder,azdoesazaazspecificazgenderazhaveazaazgreaterazrisk?az-az-
azOften,azfemalesazareazcarriersazand azmalesazareazaffected
- However,azbothazmalesazandazfemalesazcanazbeazcarriers,azandazbothazcanazbeazaffectedazb
yaztheazcondition
- Usuallyazmilderazinazfemales
HowazdidazFragileazXazSyndromeaz(FXS)azgetazitsazname?az-az-
azTheazgeneazFragileazXaz(theazFMR1azgene)azisazonazthe azXazsyndrome
- MutationazofaztheazFMR1azgene
, WhatazisaztheazdifferenceazbetweenazFragileazX-
AssociatedazTremor/AtaxiaazSyndromeaz(FXTAS)azandazFragileazXazSyndromeaz(FXS)?az-az-
azBothazcausedazbyazmutationsazonaztheazFMR1azgene,azbut aztheyazareazcausedazbyazdifferent azch
angesazinazthisazgene
- FXSazisazcausedazbyazaazfullazmutation
- FXTASazisazaazpremutation
- FXSazisazpresentazatazbirth,azbutazdisplayaztheseazfeaturesazinazearlyazlife
- FXTASazdevelopsazinazadulthoodaz(usuallyazafterazageaz50)azandaztheazsymptomsazmayazap
pearazslowlyazandazdevelopazoveraztheazyears
- FXTASazindividualsazareazusuallyazhealthyazwithaznormalazcognitiveazskillsazprioraztoaztheazonset
HowazisazFragileazX-AssociatedazTremor/AtaxiaazSyndromeaz(FXTAS)azdiagnosed?az-az-
azBeingazaazFMR1azpremutationazcarrier
- Theazappearanceazofazneurologicalazfeaturesazsuchazasazataxiaaz(balanceazproblems),aztrem
ors,azandazotherazsymptoms
- MRIazfindingsaz(changesazinaztheazbrain)
WhatazisazPrader-WillieazSyndrome?az-az-
azGeneticazdisorderazthatazaffectsazmanyazpartsazofazthe azbodyazandaztheirazgrowth
- Causesazmentalazandazbehavioralazproblems
- Canazbeazdangerousazorazlifeazthreateningazifazuntreated
- Combinationazofazcontraceptivesazcontraindicatedazinazbreastazfeeding
- Moreazcommonazinazfemales
- Confirmedazfromazlaboratoryazfindings
WhatazisaztheazcauseazofazPrader-WilliazSyndrome?az-az-
azDepletion azofazchromosomeaz15azfromazfather
- Missingazoraznon-workingazgenesazonazchromosomeaz15az(15q11-q13)
- Mostazcasesazareaznotazinheritedazandazoccurazrandomly
- Depletionazofazgenesaz(genesazfromaztheazregionazareazmissing)
- Uniparentalazdisomyaz-azbothazchromosomesazareazinheritedazfromaztheazmother
- Imprintingazmutationaz-azgenesazonaztheazpaternalazchromosomeazisazinactive
WhatazdoesazPrader-WilliazSyndromeazdoaztoaztheazbody?az-az-
azCausedaztheazhypothalamusaztoazmalfunctionaz(theazareaazofaztheazbrainazthatazaffectsazhunger,a
zthirst, azsexazandazgrowthazhormones)
- Inazinfancy,azanazindividualazdoesaznotazmeetazdevelopmentazmilestonesazsuckazasazsittingazupa
zand azwalking
- Theirazeyesazlackazcoordination
WhatazisazaazkeyazfeatureazofazPrader-WilliazSyndrome?az-az-
azAazconstant azsenseazofazhungerazthatazusuallyazbeginsazaroundaz2azyearsazofazage
- PeopleazwithazPrader-
WilliazSyndromeazwantaztoazeatazconstantlyazbecauseaztheyazneverazfeelazfull
WhatazareazsomeazsymptomsazinazinfantsazwithazPrader-WilliazSyndrome?az-az-
azHypotonia azwithazfloppyazstructureazandazpoorazmuscleaztone
- Distinctazfacialazfeaturesazaffectingaztheazshapeazandazsizeazofazeyes,azlips,azforehead,azetc.
- Poorazsuckingazabilityazmakingazitazdifficultaztoazfeed
