Genetics Essentials (Pierce) Latest
2025 Update Review //Verified
Answers//Already A+Grade
Chapter 1 Concept 1 - Our genes affect many of our physical features as well as our
susceptibility to many diseases and disorders. Genetics contributes to advances in
agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and medicine and is fundamental to modern biology. All
organisms use similar genetic systems, and genetic variation is the foundation of the
diversity of all life.
"What are some of the implications of all organisms having similar genetic systems?
A. That all life forms are genetically related
B. That research findings on one organism's gene function can often be applied to other
organisms
C. That genes from one organism can often function in another organism
D. All of the above" - D
Chapter 1 Concept 2 - The three major divisions of genetics are transmission genetics,
molecular genetics, and population genetics. Transmission genetics examines the
principles of heredity; molecular genetics deals with the gene and the cellular processes
by which genetic information is transferred and expressed; and population genetics
concerns the genetic composition of groups of organisms and how that composition
changes over time and space. Model genetic organisms are species that have received
special emphasis in genetic research: they have characteristics that make them useful
for genetic analysis.
Would the horse make a good model genetic organism? Why or why not? - No,
because horses are expensive to house, feed, and propagate, they have too few
progeny, and their generation time is too long.
Chapter 1 Concept 3 - Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and
animals between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Developments in plant hybridization
and cytology in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries laid the foundation for the field
of genetics today. After Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900, the science of
genetics developed rapidly and today is one of the most active areas of science.
How did developments in cytology in the nineteenth century contribute to our modern
understanding of genetics? - Developments in cytology in the 1800s led to the
identification of parts of the cell, including the cell nucleus and chromosomes. The cell
theory focused biologists' attention on the cell, eventually leading to the conclusion that
the nucleus contains the hereditary information.
Section 1.1 Summary 1 - Genetics is central to the life of every person: it influences a
person's physical features, personality, intelligence, and susceptibility to numerous
diseases.
,Section 1.1 Summary 2 - Genetics plays important roles in agriculture, the
pharmaceutical industry, and medicine. It is central to the study of biology.
Section 1.1 Summary 3 - All organisms use similar genetic systems. Genetic variation is
the foundation of evolution and is critical to understanding all life.
Section 1.1 Summary 4 - The study of genetics can be broadly divided into transmission
genetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics.
Section 1.1 Summary 5 - Model genetic organisms are species about which much
genetic information exists because they have characteristics that make them particularly
amenable to genetic analysis.
Section 1.2 Summary 1 - By studying the offspring of crosses between varieties of peas,
Gregor Mendel discovered the principles of heredity. Developments in cytology in the
nineteenth century led to the understanding that the cell nucleus is the site of heredity.
Section 1.2 Summary 2 - In 1900, Mendel's principles of heredity were rediscovered.
Population genetics was established in the early 1930s, followed by bacterial and viral
genetics. The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953, stimulating the rise of
molecular genetics.
Section 1.2 Summary 3 - The first human whole-genome sequence was completed in
2003.
Section 1.3 Summary 1 - There are two basic types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Section 1.3 Summary 2 - The set of alleles that determines a trait is termed the
genotype; the trait that they produce is the phenotype.
Section 1.3 Summary 3 - Genes are located on chromosomes, which are made up of
nucleic acids and proteins and are partitioned into daughter cells through the process of
mitosis or meiosis.
Section 1.3 Summary 4 - Genetic information is expressed through the transfer of
information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Section 1.3 Summary 5 - Evolution requires genetic change in populations.
Chapter 2 Concept 1 - Organisms are classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes, and the
prokaryotes consist of archaea and bacteria. A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that
lacks a nucleus, and its genome is usually a single chromosome. Eukaryotes may be
either unicellular or multicellular, their cells possess a nucleus, their DNA is associated
with histone proteins, and their genomes consist of multiple chromosomes.
,List several characteristics that bacteria and archaea have in common and that
distinguish them from eukaryotes. - Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. They differ
from eukaryotes in possessing no nucleus, a genome that usually consists of a single
circular chromosome, and a smaller amount of DNA.
Chapter 2 Concept 2 - Cells reproduce by copying and separating their genetic
information and then dividing. Because eukaryotic cells possess multiple chromosomes,
mechanisms exist to ensure that each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome.
Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, and their two chromosome sets can be arranged in
homologous pairs. Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes.
"Diploid cells have
A. two chromosomes.
B. two sets of chromosomes.
C. one set of chromosomes.
D. two pairs of homologous chromosomes." - B
Chapter 2 Concept 3 - Sister chromatids are copies of a chromosome held together at
the centromere. Functional chromosomes contain centromeres, telomeres, and origins
of replication. The kinetochore is the point of attachment for the spindle microtubules.
Telomeres are the stabilizing ends of a chromosome. Origins of replication are sites
where DNA synthesis begins.
What would be the result if a chromosome did not have a kinetochore? - The
kinetochore is the point at which spindle microtubules attach to the chromosome during
cell division. If the kinetochore were missing, spindle microtubules would not attach to
the chromosome, the chromosome would not be drawn into a newly formed nucleus,
and the resulting daughter cells would be missing a chromosome.
Section 2.1 Summary 1 - A prokaryotic cell possesses a simple structure, with no
nuclear membrane and usually a single circular chromosome. A eukaryotic cell
possesses a more complex structure, with a nucleus and multiple linear chromosomes
consisting of DNA complexed with histone proteins.
Section 2.2 Summary 1 - Cell reproduction requires the copying of genetic material,
separation of the copies, and cell division.
Section 2.2 Summary 2 - In a prokaryotic cell, the single chromosome replicates, the
two copies move toward opposite sides of the cell, and the cell divides. In eukaryotic
cells, reproduction is more complex, requiring mitosis to ensure that a complete set of
genetic information is transferred to each new cell, or meiosis to generate gametes that
contain a copy of each chromosome.
Section 2.2 Summary 3 - In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are typically found in
homologous pairs. Each functional chromosome consists of a centromere, telomeres,
, and multiple origins of replication. After a chromosome has been copied, the two copies
remain attached at the centromere, forming sister chromatids.
Chapter 2 Concept 4 - The active cell cycle phases are interphase and the M phase.
Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2. In G1, the cell grows and prepares for cell
division; in the S phase, DNA synthesis takes place; in G2, other biochemical events
necessary for cell division take place. Some cells enter a quiescent phase called G0.
The M phase includes mitosis—which is divided into prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—and cytokinesis.
"Which is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle?
A. G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase
B. S, G1, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase
C. Prophase, S, G1, G2, metaphase, anaphase
D. S, G1, G2, anaphase, prophase, metaphase" - A
Section 2.2 Summary 4 - The cell cycle consists of the stages through which a
eukaryotic cell passes between cell divisions. It consists of (1) interphase, in which the
cell grows and prepares for division, and (2) the M phase, in which nuclear and cell
division take place. The M phase consists of (1) mitosis, the process of nuclear division,
and (2) cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.
Section 2.2 Summary 5 - Mitosis usually results in the production of two genetically
identical cells.
Section 2.3 Summary 1 - Sexual reproduction produces genetically variable progeny. It
includes meiosis, in which haploid sex cells are produced, and fertilization, the fusion of
sex cells. Meiosis includes two cell divisions. In meiosis I, crossing over takes place,
and homologous chromosomes separate. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate.
Section 2.3 Summary 2 - The usual result of meiosis is the production of four haploid
cells that are genetically variable. Genetic variation in meiosis is produced by crossing
over and by the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
Chapter 2 Concept 5 - Meiosis consists of two distinct processes: meiosis I and meiosis
II. Meiosis I includes the reduction division, in which homologous chromosomes
separate and chromosome number is reduced by half. In meiosis II (the equational
division), chromatids separate.
"Which of the following events takes place in metaphase I?
A. Crossing over occurs.
B. The chromosomes condense.
C. Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.
D. Individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate." - C
2025 Update Review //Verified
Answers//Already A+Grade
Chapter 1 Concept 1 - Our genes affect many of our physical features as well as our
susceptibility to many diseases and disorders. Genetics contributes to advances in
agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and medicine and is fundamental to modern biology. All
organisms use similar genetic systems, and genetic variation is the foundation of the
diversity of all life.
"What are some of the implications of all organisms having similar genetic systems?
A. That all life forms are genetically related
B. That research findings on one organism's gene function can often be applied to other
organisms
C. That genes from one organism can often function in another organism
D. All of the above" - D
Chapter 1 Concept 2 - The three major divisions of genetics are transmission genetics,
molecular genetics, and population genetics. Transmission genetics examines the
principles of heredity; molecular genetics deals with the gene and the cellular processes
by which genetic information is transferred and expressed; and population genetics
concerns the genetic composition of groups of organisms and how that composition
changes over time and space. Model genetic organisms are species that have received
special emphasis in genetic research: they have characteristics that make them useful
for genetic analysis.
Would the horse make a good model genetic organism? Why or why not? - No,
because horses are expensive to house, feed, and propagate, they have too few
progeny, and their generation time is too long.
Chapter 1 Concept 3 - Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and
animals between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Developments in plant hybridization
and cytology in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries laid the foundation for the field
of genetics today. After Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900, the science of
genetics developed rapidly and today is one of the most active areas of science.
How did developments in cytology in the nineteenth century contribute to our modern
understanding of genetics? - Developments in cytology in the 1800s led to the
identification of parts of the cell, including the cell nucleus and chromosomes. The cell
theory focused biologists' attention on the cell, eventually leading to the conclusion that
the nucleus contains the hereditary information.
Section 1.1 Summary 1 - Genetics is central to the life of every person: it influences a
person's physical features, personality, intelligence, and susceptibility to numerous
diseases.
,Section 1.1 Summary 2 - Genetics plays important roles in agriculture, the
pharmaceutical industry, and medicine. It is central to the study of biology.
Section 1.1 Summary 3 - All organisms use similar genetic systems. Genetic variation is
the foundation of evolution and is critical to understanding all life.
Section 1.1 Summary 4 - The study of genetics can be broadly divided into transmission
genetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics.
Section 1.1 Summary 5 - Model genetic organisms are species about which much
genetic information exists because they have characteristics that make them particularly
amenable to genetic analysis.
Section 1.2 Summary 1 - By studying the offspring of crosses between varieties of peas,
Gregor Mendel discovered the principles of heredity. Developments in cytology in the
nineteenth century led to the understanding that the cell nucleus is the site of heredity.
Section 1.2 Summary 2 - In 1900, Mendel's principles of heredity were rediscovered.
Population genetics was established in the early 1930s, followed by bacterial and viral
genetics. The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953, stimulating the rise of
molecular genetics.
Section 1.2 Summary 3 - The first human whole-genome sequence was completed in
2003.
Section 1.3 Summary 1 - There are two basic types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Section 1.3 Summary 2 - The set of alleles that determines a trait is termed the
genotype; the trait that they produce is the phenotype.
Section 1.3 Summary 3 - Genes are located on chromosomes, which are made up of
nucleic acids and proteins and are partitioned into daughter cells through the process of
mitosis or meiosis.
Section 1.3 Summary 4 - Genetic information is expressed through the transfer of
information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Section 1.3 Summary 5 - Evolution requires genetic change in populations.
Chapter 2 Concept 1 - Organisms are classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes, and the
prokaryotes consist of archaea and bacteria. A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that
lacks a nucleus, and its genome is usually a single chromosome. Eukaryotes may be
either unicellular or multicellular, their cells possess a nucleus, their DNA is associated
with histone proteins, and their genomes consist of multiple chromosomes.
,List several characteristics that bacteria and archaea have in common and that
distinguish them from eukaryotes. - Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. They differ
from eukaryotes in possessing no nucleus, a genome that usually consists of a single
circular chromosome, and a smaller amount of DNA.
Chapter 2 Concept 2 - Cells reproduce by copying and separating their genetic
information and then dividing. Because eukaryotic cells possess multiple chromosomes,
mechanisms exist to ensure that each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome.
Most eukaryotic cells are diploid, and their two chromosome sets can be arranged in
homologous pairs. Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes.
"Diploid cells have
A. two chromosomes.
B. two sets of chromosomes.
C. one set of chromosomes.
D. two pairs of homologous chromosomes." - B
Chapter 2 Concept 3 - Sister chromatids are copies of a chromosome held together at
the centromere. Functional chromosomes contain centromeres, telomeres, and origins
of replication. The kinetochore is the point of attachment for the spindle microtubules.
Telomeres are the stabilizing ends of a chromosome. Origins of replication are sites
where DNA synthesis begins.
What would be the result if a chromosome did not have a kinetochore? - The
kinetochore is the point at which spindle microtubules attach to the chromosome during
cell division. If the kinetochore were missing, spindle microtubules would not attach to
the chromosome, the chromosome would not be drawn into a newly formed nucleus,
and the resulting daughter cells would be missing a chromosome.
Section 2.1 Summary 1 - A prokaryotic cell possesses a simple structure, with no
nuclear membrane and usually a single circular chromosome. A eukaryotic cell
possesses a more complex structure, with a nucleus and multiple linear chromosomes
consisting of DNA complexed with histone proteins.
Section 2.2 Summary 1 - Cell reproduction requires the copying of genetic material,
separation of the copies, and cell division.
Section 2.2 Summary 2 - In a prokaryotic cell, the single chromosome replicates, the
two copies move toward opposite sides of the cell, and the cell divides. In eukaryotic
cells, reproduction is more complex, requiring mitosis to ensure that a complete set of
genetic information is transferred to each new cell, or meiosis to generate gametes that
contain a copy of each chromosome.
Section 2.2 Summary 3 - In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are typically found in
homologous pairs. Each functional chromosome consists of a centromere, telomeres,
, and multiple origins of replication. After a chromosome has been copied, the two copies
remain attached at the centromere, forming sister chromatids.
Chapter 2 Concept 4 - The active cell cycle phases are interphase and the M phase.
Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2. In G1, the cell grows and prepares for cell
division; in the S phase, DNA synthesis takes place; in G2, other biochemical events
necessary for cell division take place. Some cells enter a quiescent phase called G0.
The M phase includes mitosis—which is divided into prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—and cytokinesis.
"Which is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle?
A. G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase
B. S, G1, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase
C. Prophase, S, G1, G2, metaphase, anaphase
D. S, G1, G2, anaphase, prophase, metaphase" - A
Section 2.2 Summary 4 - The cell cycle consists of the stages through which a
eukaryotic cell passes between cell divisions. It consists of (1) interphase, in which the
cell grows and prepares for division, and (2) the M phase, in which nuclear and cell
division take place. The M phase consists of (1) mitosis, the process of nuclear division,
and (2) cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.
Section 2.2 Summary 5 - Mitosis usually results in the production of two genetically
identical cells.
Section 2.3 Summary 1 - Sexual reproduction produces genetically variable progeny. It
includes meiosis, in which haploid sex cells are produced, and fertilization, the fusion of
sex cells. Meiosis includes two cell divisions. In meiosis I, crossing over takes place,
and homologous chromosomes separate. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate.
Section 2.3 Summary 2 - The usual result of meiosis is the production of four haploid
cells that are genetically variable. Genetic variation in meiosis is produced by crossing
over and by the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
Chapter 2 Concept 5 - Meiosis consists of two distinct processes: meiosis I and meiosis
II. Meiosis I includes the reduction division, in which homologous chromosomes
separate and chromosome number is reduced by half. In meiosis II (the equational
division), chromatids separate.
"Which of the following events takes place in metaphase I?
A. Crossing over occurs.
B. The chromosomes condense.
C. Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.
D. Individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate." - C
